General Works. Ray A. Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion, 5th ed. (1982). Thomas D. Clark, Frontier America (rev. 1969). William Cronon et al., eds., Under An Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (1992). Robert V. Hine, The American West, 2nd ed. (1984). Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987). Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987). Patricia Nelson Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (1992). Frederick Merk, History of the Westward Movement (1978). Rodman W. Paul, The Far West and the Great Plains in Transition, 1859--1900 (1988). Rodman W. Paul and Richard W. Etulain, The Frontier and the American West (1977). Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (1920). Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (1991).

Migrations and Communities. Gunther Barth, Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850--1870 (1964). Albert Camarillo, Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California (1979). Scott E. Casper and Lucinda M. Long, ed., Moving Stories: Migration and the American West, 1850-2000. (2001). Sucheng Chan, This Bittersweet Soil: The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860--1910 (1986). Richard Griswold del Castillo, La Familia: Chicano Families in the Urban Southwest, 1848 to the Present (1984); The Los Angeles Barrio, 1850--1890 (1979). Arnold De Leon, They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes Toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821--1900 (1983). Sarah Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on the Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the Early Southwest, 1880--1940 (1987). Mario T. Garcia, Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880--1920 (1981). Lisbeth Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769-1936. Robert V. Hine, Community on the American Frontier (1980). Richard Hogan, Class and Community in Frontier Colorado (1979). Howard R. Lamar, Dakota Territory, 1861--1889 (1956); The Far Southwest, 1846--1912 (1966); Texas Crossings: The Lone Star State and the American Far West, 1836--1986 (1991). Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, Religion and Society in Frontier California (1994). Timothy R. Mahoney, River Towns in the Great West (1990). Dean L. May, Three Frontiers: Family, Land, and Society in the American West, 1850-1900 (1994). Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846--1890 (1960). Earl Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (1965). Andrew F. Rolle, California: A History (2nd ed., 1969). Robert J. Rosebaum, Mexicano Resistance in the Southwest (1981). Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (1971). Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (1982). Thomas Sheridan, Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854--1941 (1986). Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (1989). Quintard Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990 (1998). Shih-shan Henry Tsai, The Chinese Experience in America (1986). Oscar O. Winther, The Transportation Frontier: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1865--1890 (1964).

Miners and Cattlemen. Andy Adams, The Log of a Cowboy (1927). Lewis Atherton, The Cattle Kings (1961). Gunther Barth, Instant Cities (1975). Edward E. Dale, The Range Cattle Industry, rev. ed. (1969). Philip Durham and Everett L. Jones, The Negro Cowboys (1965). Robert R. Dykstra, The Cattle Towns (1968). Odie B. Faulk, Tombstone: Myth and Reality (1972). Joe B. Frantz and Julian Choate, The American Cowboy: The Myth and the Reality (1955). Marion S. Goldman, Gold Diggers & Silver Miners: Prostitution and Social Life on the Comstock (1981). William S. Greever, Bonanza West: Western Mining Rushes (1963). J.S. Holliday. The World Rushed In: The California Gold Rush Experience (1981). Susan Lee Johnson, Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush (2000). Ralph Mann, After the Gold Rush: Society in Grass Valley and Nevada City, California, 1849--1870 (1982). Ernest E. Osgood, The Day of the Cattleman (1929). Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848--1880 (1963); The Far West and the Great Plains in Transition, 1859--1900 (1988). Brian Roberts, American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-Class Culture. (2000). Wilson P. Rodman, Mining Frontiers of the Far West (1963). Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Aspen: The History of a Silver-Mining Town, 1879-1893 (1986); Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation (1997). J. M. Skaggs, The Cattle Trailing Industry (1973). Richard W. Slatta, Cowboys of the Americas (1990). Duane A. Smith, Rocky Mountain Mining Camps (1967); Mining America: The Industry and the Environment, 1800--1980 (1987). L. Steckmesser, The Western Hero in History and Legend (1965). Donald E. Worcester, The Chisholm Trail (1980).

Native Americans. Ralph K. Andrist, The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians (1964). Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian (1978). Donald J. Berthrong, The Southern Cheyennes (1963). Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (1970). Margret Coel, Chief Left Hand: Southern Arapaho (1981). Angie Debo, Geronimo (1976). Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (1980). Thomas W. Dunlay, Wolves for the Blue Soldiers (1982). Loretta Fowler, Arapahoe Politics, 1851--1978: Symbols in Crisis of Authority (1982). William T. Hagan, The Indian Rights Association: The Herbert Welsh Years, 1882--1904 (1985); American Indians (1961). Howard L. Harrod, Renewing the World: Plains Indians Religion and Morality (1987). Dwight L. Hoover, The Red and the Black (1976). Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880--1920 (1984); The Crow (1989). Peter Inverson, The Navajos (1990); When Indians Became Cowboys: Native Peoples and Cattle Ranching in the American West (1994). Robert W. Larson, Red Cloud: Warrior-Statesman of the Lakota Sioux (1997). Robert Mardock, Reformers and the American Indian (1971). L. G. Moses, Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933 (1996). Eliza McFeely, Zuni and the American Imagination (2001). Janet A. McDonnell, The Dispossession of the American Indian, 1887--1934 (1991). Michael D. McNally. Ojibwe Singers: Hymns, Grief, and a Native Culture in Motion. (2000). John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks (1932). James C. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem (1965). Donald L. Parman, Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century (1994). Theda Perdue, The Cherokee (1989). John Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain: A History of the Northern Cheyenne Chiefs and Warrior Societies, 1830--1879, 2 vols. (1981). Francis P. Prucha, American Indian Policy in Crisis (1976); The Great White Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (1984). Scott Riney, The Rapid City Indian School, 1898-1933 (1999). David Roberts, Once They Moved Like the Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars (1993). Willard H. Rollings, The Comanche (1989). Mari Sandoz, Crazy Horse (1961). Mark David Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks (1999). Henry E. Stamm IV, People of the Wind River: The Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900 (1999). Edwin R. Sweeney, Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief (1991). Robert M. Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation (1963); Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848--1865 (1967); Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian (1973); The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846--1890 (1984); The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (1993). Wilcomb E. Washburn, The Indian in America (1975); Red Man's Land/White Man's Law (1971). Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change Among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (1983). Murray R. Wickett, Contested Territory: Whites, Native Americans, and African Americans in Oklahoma 1865-1907 (2000). Charles F. Wilkinson, American Indians, Time, and the Law: Native Societies in a Modern Constitutional Democracy (1987).

Western Women. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson, eds., The Women's West (1987). Anne M. Butler, Daughters of Joy, Sisters of Misery: Prostitutes in the American West, 1865-1905 (1985). John Mack Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail (1979). Deena J. González, Refusing the Favor: The Spanish-Mexican Women of Santa Fe, 1820-1880 (1999). Elizabeth Hampsten, Read This Only to Yourself: The Private Writings of Midwestern Women, 1880-1910 (1982). Albert L. Hurtado, Intimate Frontiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California. (1999). Margaret D. Jacobs, Engendered Encounters: Feminism and Pueblo Cultures, 1879-1934 (1999). Dolores Janiewski, Sisterhood Denied (1985). Julie Jeffrey, Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840--1880 (1979). Polly Welts Kaufman, Women Teachers on the Frontier (1984). Shirley Ann Moore and Quintard Taylor, Eds. African American Women Confront the West, 1600-2000 (2003). Ruth Moynihan, Rebel for Rights: Abigail Scott Dunaway (1983). Sandra L. Myres, Westering Women and the Frontier Experience, 1880--1915 (1982). Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874--1939 (1990). Linda Peavy,and Ursula Smith. Women in Waiting in the Westward Movement: Life on the Home Frontier (1994). Glenda Riley, Women and Indians on the Frontier, 1825--1915 (1984); A Place to Grow (1992); Women and Nature: Saving the "Wild" West (1999). Joanna L. Stratton, Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier (1981). Judy Young, Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (1995).

Western Agriculture. Allan Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt (1963). Everett Dick, The Sod-House Frontier (1937). John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (1986). Gilbert Fite, The Farmer's Frontier, 1865--1900 (1966). Paul W. Gates, History of Public Land Development (1968). Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s--1990s (1992). D. Aidan McQuillen, Prevailing over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875--1925 (1990). Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction (1976). Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer's Last Frontier, 1860-1897 (1945). Steven Stoll, The Fruits of Natural Advantage: Making the Industrial Countryside in California (1998). David Vaught, Cultivating California: Growers, Specialty Crops, and Labor, 1875-1920 (1999). Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (1931). Thomas A. Woods, Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology (1991). (See also bibliography for Chapter 19.)

The Idea and Environment of the West. Ray A. Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner (1973). William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (1991). John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone (1992). Mark Fiege, Irrigated Eden: The Making of an Agricultural Landscape in the American West (1999). Dan Flores, The Natural West: Environmental History in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains (2001). James Grossman, ed. The Frontier in American Culture (1994). Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750-1920 (2000). Joy S. Kasson, Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History (2000). Stephanie S. Pincetl, Transforming California: A Political History of Land Use and Development (1999). Paul Reddin, Wild West Shows (1999). Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1950 (2001). Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization (1985); Gunfighter Nation (1992). Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land (1950). Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (1920). Donald Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (1992); Rivers of Empire (1985). William Wyckoff, Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860-1940 (1999).

Films.

"The Buffalo Soldiers" (Filmic Archives, 1997). The Gold Rush (Films for the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1996). Ishi: The Last Yahi (PBS Video, American Experience, 1992). The Way West (PBS Video, 1995).

Internet Resources.

American West: Multicultural Perspectives - http://www.wsu.edu/~amerstu/mw/
California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900 - http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/cbhtml/cbhome.html
New Perspectives on the West - http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/
Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West As Symbol and Myth (1950) - http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HNS/hns_home.html
Frederick Jackson Turner's The Frontier In American History (1921) - http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/home.html
Westward the Course of Empire - http://www.mcny.org/Exhibitions/currierives/westward.htm
WestWeb: Western History Resource - http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/westweb/