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1 | |
Three of the following are advantages that the United States enjoyed in its rise to industrial supremacy in the late nineteenth century. Which is the exception? |
| | A) | favorable government policies. |
| | B) | an abundance of basic raw materials. |
| | C) | a growing labor supply and expanding market. |
| | D) | a high level of basic research in pure science. |
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2 | |
During the 1870s and 1880s, the railroad industry: |
| | A) | reduced the amount of track miles in the United States. |
| | B) | increased the amount of track in the United States by 10,000 miles. |
| | C) | increased the amount of track in the United States by 40,000 miles. |
| | D) | increased the amount of track in the United States by 100,000 miles. |
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3 | |
Both the Bessemer-Kelly process and the open-hearth process are methods of: |
| | A) | mining coal. |
| | B) | producing steel. |
| | C) | pasteurizing milk. |
| | D) | refining petroleum. |
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4 | |
The oil industry was important in the late nineteenth century as: |
| | A) | a source of fuel to satisfy the growing American demand. |
| | B) | the producer of a lubricant for the machines of the steel industry. |
| | C) | a replacement for coal as an energy source. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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5 | |
The term "Taylorism" refers to: |
| | A) | scientific management in industry. |
| | B) | a revival of pride in craftsmanship. |
| | C) | a movement to organize unskilled labor. |
| | D) | a movement away from mass-produced clothing. |
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6 | |
Henry Ford's main contribution to American industrialism was his: |
| | A) | invention of the internal combustion engine. |
| | B) | introduction of structured management organization. |
| | C) | investment in research and development. |
| | D) | use of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production. |
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7 | |
Each of the following was true about the railroads between 1860 and 1900 EXCEPT: |
| | A) | they were the nation's biggest investors. |
| | B) | they increased the miles of track in the United States by over six times during these four decades. |
| | C) | they democratized control over the nation's transportation system. |
| | D) | they were built largely through government subsidies. |
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8 | |
Andrew Carnegie made his principal fortune in the field of: |
| | A) | steel. |
| | B) | banking. |
| | C) | shipping. |
| | D) | petroleum. |
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9 | |
The legal principle that made investment in corporations attractive and made the growth of huge corporations possible was: |
| | A) | caveat emptor. |
| | B) | accelerated depreciation. |
| | C) | limited liability. |
| | D) | exemption allowances. |
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10 | |
A "vertically integrated" system of production is one in which: |
| | A) | all the employees belong to one big union organized by industry rather than by craft. |
| | B) | management and labor share equally in the profits through an elaborate sharing arrangement. |
| | C) | employees of different ethnic origins work together on the assembly line. |
| | D) | a single company controls the entire industrial process from source of raw materials to the final market. |
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11 | |
John D. Rockefeller made his principal fortune in the field of: |
| | A) | steel. |
| | B) | banking. |
| | C) | shipping. |
| | D) | petroleum. |
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12 | |
What new type of business organization permitted a small group of capitalists to control the stock of a large number of individual corporations without actually becoming one company? The term later came to refer generally to any huge economic concentration. |
| | A) | trust |
| | B) | cartel |
| | C) | holding company |
| | D) | joint-stock company |
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13 | |
The idea of the "self-made man": |
| | A) | was proved by the frequent rise of working-class Americans to the upper economic classes. |
| | B) | reduced the amount of corruption in American industry. |
| | C) | was reaffirmed by the favorable odds of becoming a millionaire. |
| | D) | ignored the fact that most millionaires came from families of wealth and privilege. |
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14 | |
"Social Darwinism" was based on what aspect of Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution? |
| | A) | social gospel |
| | B) | instant creation |
| | C) | biblical inerrancy |
| | D) | survival of the fittest |
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15 | |
Social Darwinism and classical economics agree that: |
| | A) | humans are descended from lower animals. |
| | B) | free competition promotes human progress. |
| | C) | the government should ease the lot of the poor. |
| | D) | government ownership of the majority of the means of production is desirable. |
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16 | |
Which of the following emphasizes most strongly the duty of the rich to do good works for the public? |
| | A) | socialism |
| | B) | Social Darwinism |
| | C) | classical economics |
| | D) | The Gospel of Wealth |
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17 | |
The "single tax" was: |
| | A) | an income tax |
| | B) | a sales tax |
| | C) | a tax on "unearned increments." |
| | D) | a tax on "earned increments." |
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18 | |
The theme of virtually all of Horatio Alger's novels was: |
| | A) | the rich get richer; the poor get poorer. |
| | B) | poor boy makes good by hard work, perseverance, and luck. |
| | C) | average guy gets wealthy through cunning, guile, and questionable business practices. |
| | D) | rich man has conversion and realizes that philanthropy and government regulation are the only ways to promote an equitable society. |
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19 | |
In the late nineteenth century, the American working classes suffered from three of the following conditions. Which is the exception? |
| | A) | Little or no worker's compensation for injury. |
| | B) | No government health and safety regulations. |
| | C) | Declining standard of living, in both absolute and relative terms. |
| | D) | No job security; layoffs due to seasonal, cyclical, or technological factors. |
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20 | |
Women industrial workers: |
| | A) | were primarily black and single. |
| | B) | were primarily white and married. |
| | C) | were primarily white and under 25. |
| | D) | were generally not the daughters of immigrants. |
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21 | |
The Molly Maguires: |
| | A) | used terrorist tactics to intimidate the coal operators in Pennsylvania. |
| | B) | received broad support from middle-class Americans. |
| | C) | were among the more conservative unionists. |
| | D) | gained their broadest support in the cities of Chicago and New York. |
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22 | |
The immediate cause of the railroad strikes of 1877 was: |
| | A) | a 10 percent cut in wages. |
| | B) | the infiltration of unions by anarchists. |
| | C) | the refusal of the owners to adopt safety measures. |
| | D) | the refusal of the owners to agree to cost-of-living increases. |
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23 | |
A major feature of the program of the American Federation of Labor was its emphasis on: |
| | A) | gender equity between male and female industrial workers. |
| | B) | reforming and altering the capitalist system so that workers would own part of the corporations they worked for. |
| | C) | immediate gains for its members, such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. |
| | D) | mass organization of all laborers skilled, unskilled, and agricultural. |
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24 | |
The significance of the Haymarket Square incident in 1886 was that: |
| | A) | unions won their demand for an eight-hour day. |
| | B) | the American socialist movement received a great boost. |
| | C) | the use of Pinkerton guards as strikebreakers was outlawed. |
| | D) | it stimulated a hysterical wave of fear of anarchism and its alleged connection with unionism. |
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25 | |
The Homestead strike of 1892 and the Pullman strike of 1894 were similar in that: |
| | A) | both involved the American Railway Union. |
| | B) | federal troops were used to restore order in both. |
| | C) | both started when management ordered pay cuts for some workers. |
| | D) | strikers fought Pinkerton guards in violent pitched battles at both locations. |
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