1
A) reading Classical writings in the original Latin and Greek. B) developing the ability to speak and write eloquently. C) rejecting religious rituals, institutions, and beliefs. D) pursuing perfection through moral philosophy. 2
A) write and speak in a more refined and eloquent way. B) escape from the misery of the present into an imagined past. C) imitate them, and thereby become more virtuous. D) understand the full richness and diversity of the human past. 3
A) humanists hoped to use government institutions to reform the masses. B) the purpose of rhetoric was to enable people to communicate better. C) Italian city-states were self-governing communities with lively politics. D) many of the ancients humanists admired had led active public lives. 4
A) an educational system stressing knowledge useful for members of the social elite. B) a literary movement that reshaped the form and content of virtually all genres. C) a body of knowledge and manners that served to distinguish the upper classes. D) a political philosophy that caused the decline of despotism and rise of democracy. 5
A) the study of Greek. B) the philosophy of Plato. C) pursuit of personal perfection. D) the irreconcilability of divergent truths. 6
A) Masaccio, the painter who emphasized nature, perspective, and classical models. B) Donatello, the sculptor who revived classical representation of the beauty of the human body. C) Brunelleschi, the architect who created the largest dome built in Europe since antiquity D) Leonardo, the multifaceted genius who painted masterpieces, studied nature, and built fortifications. 7
A) was defined by a single man of overpowering genius, Leonardo da Vinci. B) saw the steady decline of the artistic trends begun the previous century. C) brought to a climax the artistic trends begun a century before. D) saw a shift in cultural initiative from artists to writers and philosophers. 8
A) people were looking for a substitute for the clergy, whose reputation suffered because of their corruption. B) their works became status symbols for the upper classes, who sought distinction as patrons of the arts. C) they were drawn more and more from the upper classes, who needed new occupations as warfare declined. D) people felt that artists were gifted by God, and therefore patronage was a form of religious devotion. 9
A) a fascination with death, decay, and demons. B) the elaboration of chivalry and court culture. C) a commitment to the religious point of view. D) a rejection of Renaissance culture as impious. 10
A) the percentage of townspeople was far lower in the North. B) the plague was more severe in the North. C) malnutrition stunted Northerner's intellects. D) Northern society was highly urbanized. 11
A) architecture. B) music. C) painting. D) sculpture. 12
A) a rejection of rational thought as a means of achieving useful knowledge. B) a renewed commitment to complete Aquinas' fusion of faith and reason. C) a focus on the way we describe things rather than on the reality of things. D) a growing skepticism that we can know anything about the material world. 13
A) the nominalist position that reality is made up of discrete objects, not embracing universals. B) the humanist position that people should cultivate their virtue in imitation of classical models. C) Wycliff's criticism of the Church's remoteness from ordinary people and its dependence on Rome. D) the Neoplatonist view that every being in the universe except God is impelled to seek perfection. 14
A) collecting as a special tax one-third to one-half of an appointee's first year salary. B) lling dispensations from the normal requirements of canon law. C) selling indulgences, remissions of the temporal punishment for sin. D) drastically reducing papal expenses by adopting a cult of virtuous poverty. 15
A) the papacy had regained its undisputed control of the Church. B) the dominance of Church councils was firmly established. C) the Trinity of three popes had come to be accepted. D) everyone in Europe had been excommunicated. 16
A) a magnificent building program in Rome. B) patronage of artists and humanist scholars. C) a vigorous military campaign to secure the Papal States. D) a thoroughgoing reform of corrupt Church institutions. 17
A) fasting, pilgrimages, and other ritual acts. B) the interior experience of communion with God. C) logical proofs of God's necessary existence. D) rejection of the Church hierarchy and beliefs. 18
A) increased participation by women in religion. B) an emphasis on charity and good works. C) greater dependence on clerical intercession with God. D) simplicity and humility in imitation of Christ. 19
A) the corruption of the Church. B) the ultimate authority of the Bible. C) the invalidity of the sacraments. D) the community of all the faithful. 20
A) emphasizing the superiority of original texts. B) pointing up the sinfulness of material concerns. C) refuting the Church's claims about transubstantiation. D) mobilizing the princes against Church power.
2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education