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The Western Experience, 8/e

Mortimer Chambers, University of California - Los Angeles
Barbara Hanawalt, Ohio State University
Theodore Rabb, Princeton University
Isser Woloch, Columbia University
Raymond Grew, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The Age of Enlightenment

Multiple Choice


1	Who was NOT one of the three most important seventeenth century thinkers to the Enlightenment?
		A)	Isaac Newton.
		B)	Rene Descartes.
		C)	Thomas Hobbes.
		D)	John Locke.


2	Science was important to the Enlightenment as
		A)	the focus of the philosophesÕ original thought.
		B)	a source of theoretical justifications for the philosophesÕ programs.
		C)	an inspiring example of the success of reason and experience.
		D)	the major recruiting ground for new philosophes.


3	The Enlightenment eroded the authority of revealed religion through all of the following means EXCEPT
		A)	toleration, which demanded the coexistence of competing revealed truths.
		B)	deism, which stripped religion of its mystical and supernatural trappings.
		C)	science, which proved that the universe is just a giant mechanism.
		D)	criticism, which subjected Christianity to rationalist analysis.


4	One important reason the philosophes championed intellectual freedom was
		A)	they felt that all points of view must be treated as equally valid.
		B)	the beliefs they opposed were supported by official power.
		C)	their beliefs rested not on assumptions but on facts.
		D)	they wanted to mobilize the masses.


5	All of the following Enlightenment figures pioneered the social sciences EXCEPT
		A)	Montesquieu, who essentially founded political science by writing a comparative study of governments.
		B)	David Hume, who transformed ethics from a philosophical to a scientific field of study.
		C)	Adam Smith, who advanced economics by focusing on the mechanical workings of the market.
		D)	Voltaire, who moved history beyond chronicles of battles to analysis of social institutions and culture.


6	The Encyclopedia advanced the Enlightenment by all of the following EXCEPT
		A)	conveying the philosophesÕ concept of useful knowledge.
		B)	forcing opponents of the Enlightenment to concede by its weight of evidence.
		C)	stressing the social utility of science and social science and applying rational standards to religion.
		D)	overcoming official censorship in the process of satisfying the demand for works of the Enlightenment.


7	Rousseau advocated all of the following EXCEPT
		A)	the founding of morals on the basis of conscience rather than reason.
		B)	the creation of a new academy that would bring together scientists and humanists.
		C)	education through the cultivation of natural talents rather than imposition of dry information.
		D)	a social and political system in which individual desires are subordinate to group consensus.


8	The eliteÕs cosmopolitan culture, the "republic of letters," was held together by all of the following EXCEPT
		A)	a lecture circuit that paid philosophes to give public talks throughout Europe.
		B)	travel, and in particular the "grand tour" of modern capitals and ancient ruins.
		C)	the use of French as a common language.
		D)	learned academies and salons that brought aristocrats, philosophes, and well-to-do commoners together.


9	The growth of publishing in the eighteenth century was evidenced by all of the following EXCEPT
		A)	the proliferation of journals for specialized interests.
		B)	the disappearance of oral traditions in popular culture.
		C)	the appearance of regular newspapers.
		D)	the increasing number and profitability of booksellers.


10	The novel, romantic poetry, and symphonic music had in common that they
		A)	celebrated the structure that classical forms gave to human experience.
		B)	emphasized emotional experience as the focus of artistic endeavor.
		C)	rebelled against the constraints of classical forms by abandoning structure.
		D)	opened up artistic experience to peasants and the urban working classes.


11	The social context of art was changing in that
		A)	aristocrats were replacing the Church as the primary source of patronage.
		B)	artists were suddenly confronted with the need to support themselves commercially.
		C)	critics and public exhibitions were creating a "public sphere" of cultural discourse.
		D)	artists for the first time turned their attention to ordinary peopleÕs lives.


12	Cheap books for ordinary people tended to be in all of the following genres EXCEPT
		A)	almanacs.
		B)	religious tracts.
		C)	entertaining stories.
		D)	popularizations of the Enlightenment.


13	Literacy in France was
		A)	highest in the northeast.
		B)	highest in the east.
		C)	highest in the south.
		D)	highest in the southwest.


14	Which countries did the most to promote schooling of the common people?
		A)	England and France.
		B)	France and Prussia.
		C)	England and Austria.
		D)	Austria and Prussia.


15	Popular organizations included all of the following EXCEPT
		A)	journeymenÕs secret societies that combined social and trade-union functions.
		B)	confraternities honoring saints that united established artisans and provided for a dignified funeral.
		C)	mutual aid societies that collected dues and provided aid in times of illness or accident.
		D)	salons in which social and cultural leaders met to exchange their views.


16	During the eighteenth century, refined cultural tastes came to be
		A)	essential at all levels of society.
		B)	seen by all to be hollow pretense.
		C)	the sign of membership in the elite.
		D)	linked to a democratic view of society.

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