1
A) the tsar lost power to the Provisional Government because of disillusionment with war and poverty. B) the Provisional Government lost power to the Bolsheviks because of disillusionment with war and poverty. C) the Bolsheviks seized and held on to power because they were phenomenally determined and disciplined. D) the mystic Rasputin was angry with the royal family, so he sold his soul for the power to destroy it. 2
A) imposed communism on Russia through collectivization and the five year plans. B) permitted small businesses and peasant enterprise to help rebuild the country. C) intensified and extended "war communism" to cope with the threat of civil war. D) accepted private ownership of major industries while taking over the small businesses. 3
A) war weariness. B) inflation. C) unemployment. D) disillusionment about the peace treaty. 4
A) the leader of the party, Mussolini, ruled by decree. B) opponents were outlawed and suppressed. C) economic life was regulated by confederations of employers and workers. D) people's lives gradually improved as per capita output and the real wage rose. 5
A) they involved sex, which was a taboo subject in nineteenth century middle class society. B) they made explicit and therefore threatened the delicate balance of forces within people's psyches. C) they undercut the security people derived from feeling that they could control the world rationally. D) they came at a time when all other facets of the culture were validating the liberal consensus. 6
A) a conviction that reason held the key to understanding and organizing human affairs. B) a fear that the irrational would subvert all that was valuable in modern Western civilization. C) a denial of the ability of human reason to connect people to the ultimate sources of truth. D) an insistence that reason and feeling must co-exist and are resolvable eclectically on an ad hoc basis. 7
A) Einstein's discovery that length, mass, and time are not absolute, but change with relative velocity. B) Heisenberg's proof that there are physical limits to what can be known. C) both scientists' realization that physical reality is affected by the observer's condition and intervention. D) the fact that Newtonian physics is accurate enough for most human purposes. 8
A) the isolation of viruses and the development of antibiotics in medicine. B) discoveries about the nature of heredity and their application to agriculture. C) the application of statistical tools to the study of human society. D) the refinement of thermodynamics and the explosive creativity of the Bauhaus. 9
A) movies. B) the novel. C) opera. D) poetry. 10
A) science and the arts alike lost contact with the everyday experience of and relevance to ordinary people. B) the creators of high culture began to see popular culture as an invaluable source of inspiration. C) movies, magazines, and books proliferated and popularized themes and images drawn from high culture. D) some high cultural trends, like the celebration of violence, paralleled similar trends in popular culture. 11
A) communist, modeled on the Soviet Union. B) fascist, combining authoritarian rule with popular mobilization. C) authoritarian, based on a strongman fronting for the old upper classes. D) Nazi, following the German lead in implementing fascism plus race war. 12
A) the world was producing only two-third as many manufactured goods as in 1928. B) 13,000,000 Americans, 6,000,000 Germans, and 3,000,000 English people were unemployed. C) Germany stopped paying reparations, and the ex-Allied countries stopped paying their war debts. D) a series of communist revolutions broke out across Europe, inspired by Russia's success. 13
A) Hitler's messianic speaking style, his angry yet hopeful message, wealthy patrons, and the use of violence. B) the long-term dissatisfactions of many Germans with the defeat in World War I and social upheavals after. C) the immediate misery caused by the Great Depression, which the Weimar republic seemed unable to solve. D) Hitler sold his soul to the Devil to avenge having to work as a male prostitute in pre-World War I Vienna. 14
A) creation of a party structure paralleling, and increasingly dominating, state organizations. B) outlawing, arresting, and murdering opponents within and outside the party, and especially targeting Jews. C) gradual softening of the party's ideological positions as it adapted to the responsibilities of power. D) massive government works projects and rearmament, which quickly reduced unemployment. 15
A) Stalin. B) Trotsky. C) Bukharin. D) a collective leadership including all three. 16
A) collectivizing agriculture, despite massive resistance, deportations, and famines that killed millions. B) making the USSR the world's third largest producer, increasing steel by five times and electricity by 24! C) increasing literacy rates from below 50 percent to above 80 percent, and raising the standard of living. D) ending the need for strict political controls because of widespread satisfaction with the economic growth. 17
A) increasing capitalization costs for farmers. B) increasingly structured and pressured factory production lines. C) increasing ethnic tensions caused by mass migrations of laborers. D) increasing distance between elite and popular cultures. 18
A) Alfred Rosenberg and Giovonni Gentile B) Nikolai Berdyaev and Martin Buber. C) W. H. Auden, Thomas Mann, and AndrŽ Malraux. D) Karl Barth and Jacques Maritain. 19
A) governments should "prime the pump" with deficit spending to stimulate demand for goods and services. B) individuals should use credit cards to buy things in order to stimulate demand for goods and services. C) businesses should take out loans and expand their operations to capitalize on low prices and wages. D) banks should lend aggressively in order to stimulate increased production for the market. 20
A) it demonstrated that the democracies lacked the will to oppose aggression in Europe. B) it created a strong new Fascist power that played a vital role in World War II. C) it offered an opportunity for the West and Russia to cooperate as they would later in the war. D) it proved that aggression would be met by forceful action by the democracies, deterring war.
2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education