Chapter Objectives

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Describe Aristotle's role in the history of psychology and understand the definition of psychology.

2. Identify and define the four goals of psychology.

3. Identify and compare early views of psychology that focused on the elements of conscious experience, including Wundt, Titchener, the Structuralists, Alston, and the Gestalt psychologists.

4. Identify and compare views in psychology that focused on the functions of the conscious mind, including James, the Functionalists, Ebbinghaus, Calkins, and Binet. Also, explain functionalism's influence on contemporary psychology.

5. Describe the origins of behaviorism and social learning theory.

6. Identify the early views of psychology that focused on the nature of the unconscious mind.

7. Describe both the neuroscience and sociocultural perspectives and explain their influence on contemporary psychology.

8. Identify and define the terms associated with the sociocultural perspective.

9. Describe the differences between basic and applied areas of psychology; list and describe examples of both areas.

10. Identify three descriptive methods used in psychology and discuss how they are used.

11. Describe the correlational method.

12. Explain the statement: "Correlation does not necessarily mean causation."

13. Understand how and when formal experiments are used.

14. Distinguish between a dependent and an independent variable; distinguish between a control group and an experimental group.

15. List and define the five major ethical principles of research with human participants.

16. Understand why psychologists use animals in research and describe the ethical principles associated with animal studies.

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