Chapter Objectives

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Understand the interplay of nature and nurture in development and know what role maturation plays in development.

2. Know what imprinting is and recognize the importance of critical periods.

3. From the Harlows' research, recognize the role of early experiences on development.

4. Understand the meaning of individual variation in development.

5. Identify the characteristics common to stage theories of development.

6. Recognize and understand Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning: premoral, conventional, and principled.

7. Identify and understand Gilligan's three levels of moral reasoning: individual survival, self-sacrifice, and equality.

8. Compare and contrast Gilligan's and Kohlberg's theories.

9. Describe Erikson's stage theory of personality development and list the stages of personality development.

10. Differentiate between the developmental stages termed the "neonatal period" and "infancy."

11. Identify the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of development during infancy.

12. Identify the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of development during early childhood.

13. Identify the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of development during middle childhood.

14. Explain the changes that occur in physical development during puberty, including primary and secondary sex characteristics, menarche, and the adolescent growth spurt.

15. Identify the characteristics of formal operational thinking and know the characteristics of adolescent egocentrism.

16. Discuss the research results on adolescent social and emotional development.

17. Identify the physical and cognitive aspects of development in adulthood.

18. Recognize aspects of emotional and social development in adulthood.

19. Contrast Erikson's and Levinson's views of adult personality development

20. Define climacteric and know how it affects men and women.

21. Know the biological and psychological changes that are involved in aging and recognize the factors associated with "happy aging" and longevity.

22. Identify the controversies associated with the stage theories of adulthood.

23. Name and understand the stages of dying identified by Kübler-Ross.

24. (From the Application section) Identify the following: secure and insecure attachment, Baumrind's discipline styles, the "two-way street" of parenting, and common discipline mistakes.

25. (From the Application section) Know the results of research on sociocultural factors in parenting and the research regarding day care, divorce, and parenting.

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