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1 | |
_________ refers to the social and psychological dimensions of being female or male. |
| | A) | Sex |
| | B) | Gender |
| | C) | A gender role |
| | D) | Gender typing |
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2 | |
The typical female chromosome pattern is: |
| | A) | YY. |
| | B) | XX. |
| | C) | XY. |
| | D) | XXY. |
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3 | |
The class of hormones that primarily promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics is called: |
| | A) | androgens. |
| | B) | estrogens. |
| | C) | testosterones. |
| | D) | estradiols. |
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4 | |
During his embryonic development, there was an insufficient supply of androgens, resulting in Nathan being born with both male and female sex organs. As a consequence, Nathan would be born as a: |
| | A) | transsexual. |
| | B) | homosexual. |
| | C) | hermaphrodite. |
| | D) | normal male. |
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5 | |
Studies of surgically corrected girls and experiments with different animal species in which male hormones are injected into female embryos, reveal that: |
| | A) | biological factors are the strongest influence on gender role development for human and nonhuman species. |
| | B) | environmental factors are the strongest influence on gender role development for both human and nonhuman species. |
| | C) | biological factors play a stronger role in gender role development for humans than for nonhumans. |
| | D) | for humans, gender role development depends on both biological and environmental influences. |
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6 | |
The research on sex hormone levels has found that sex hormones: |
| | A) | are related to both cognitive abilities and aggression. |
| | B) | are related to cognitive abilities, but aggression is learned. |
| | C) | are related to aggression, but cognitive abilities are learned. |
| | D) | play little, if any, role in an individual's cognitive abilities or aggressive behavior. |
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7 | |
The emphasis of evolutionary psychology behavior is on: |
| | A) | the importance of adaptation to explain psychological sex differences. |
| | B) | cultural evolution as the dominant type of evolution among humans. |
| | C) | genes as the most important determinant for survival. |
| | D) | physical and psychological aspects of humans as different determinants of behavior. |
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8 | |
In the contemporary view of evolutionary psychology: |
| | A) | sex-typed features evolved through male competition and led to a reproductive advantage for dominant males. |
| | B) | men sought short-term mating strategies because it allowed them to increase their reproductive advantage. |
| | C) | women devoted more effort to parenting and chose mates who could provide their offspring with resources or protection. |
| | D) | because men competed with other men for access to women, men's evolved dispositions favor violence, competition, and risk-taking. |
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9 | |
Critics of evolutionary psychology believe this perspective: |
| | A) | neglects the cross-cultural variation in sex differences and mate preferences. |
| | B) | takes a bidirectional view of development. |
| | C) | is too complex. |
| | D) | fails to consider biological processes. |
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10 | |
Alice Eagly (2000) locates the cause of physical sex differences in: |
| | A) | biologically evolved processes. |
| | B) | negative cultural stereotypes. |
| | C) | the contrasting positions and social roles of women and men. |
| | D) | socially evolved processes. |
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11 | |
According to _______ theory, the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex, which the child renounces by about age 5 or 6. |
| | A) | social cognitive |
| | B) | gender schema |
| | C) | psychoanalytic |
| | D) | cognitive developmental |
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12 | |
When Del showed up at kindergarten with a barrette in his hair, his classmate Andrew got upset because he thought if Del wore a barrette he was a girl, not a boy. Andrew has not yet developed: |
| | A) | gender constancy. |
| | B) | gender schema. |
| | C) | sexual identification. |
| | D) | gender typing. |
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13 | |
_______ theory states that an individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes. |
| | A) | Social cognitive |
| | B) | Identification |
| | C) | Gender schema |
| | D) | Cognitive developmental |
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14 | |
Samantha says, "All men are alike. They'd rather drive around in circles for hours than stop and ask for directions." Samantha is demonstrating: |
| | A) | gender stereotyping. |
| | B) | gender typing. |
| | C) | androcentrism. |
| | D) | gender role classification. |
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15 | |
According to a cross-cultural study of college students' gender attitudes, women were believed to have all of the following attributes, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | nurturance. |
| | B) | affiliation. |
| | C) | confidence. |
| | D) | helpful in times of distress. |
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16 | |
When reviewing research comparing males and females, it is important to keep in mind that: |
| | A) | even when differences are found, most of the individuals in the groups are virtually identical. |
| | B) | it is unfair to compare the groups because almost all gender differences are the result of uncontrollable biological factors. |
| | C) | it is only when statistically significant scores are found that you can conclude there is little overlap between male and female scores. |
| | D) | even when differences are reported, there is considerable overlap between the sexes. |
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17 | |
Which of the following has been found in terms of the physical comparisons of males and females? |
| | A) | Females are more vulnerable than males. |
| | B) | Females are more likely than males to develop physical or mental disorders. |
| | C) | Analyses of metabolic activity in the brain show females to demonstrate greater emotionality than males. |
| | D) | Analyses of metabolic activity in the brain show males to demonstrate greater physical expressiveness than females. |
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18 | |
For which of the following do investigators continue to find gender differences? |
| | A) | verbal skills |
| | B) | visuospatial skills |
| | C) | social skills |
| | D) | suggestibility |
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19 | |
A recent study by the U.S. Department of Education (2000) found that: |
| | A) | girls significantly surpassed boys in math skills. |
| | B) | boys significantly surpassed girls in verbal skills. |
| | C) | boys did slightly better than girls at math and science, but girls were better students than boys. |
| | D) | girls did slightly better than boys at math and science, and were also better students than boys. |
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20 | |
All of the following gender differences appear to occur across cultures, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls. |
| | B) | boys are more active than girls. |
| | C) | girls show just as much persistence as boys. |
| | D) | boys show less self-regulation than girls. |
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21 | |
According to Alice Eagly (2000), gender differences: |
| | A) | are small or nonexistent. |
| | B) | are stronger than feminists acknowledge. |
| | C) | demonstrate females are more resistant to illness than males. |
| | D) | are irrelevant in today's society. |
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22 | |
David Buss believes that _______ not only shapes our physical features but also influences our decision making, aggressive behavior, fears, and mating patterns. |
| | A) | adaptation |
| | B) | instinct |
| | C) | evolution |
| | D) | genetics |
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23 | |
Cross-cultural research has demonstrated that: |
| | A) | females are more likely than males to help when a perceived danger is present. |
| | B) | females are more likely than males to help when they feel competent to help. |
| | C) | males are more likely than females to do volunteer work. |
| | D) | in cultures where boys and girls both care for younger siblings on a regular basis, they show similar tendencies to nurture. |
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24 | |
A woman would most likely be expected to assume subordinate behaviors and less likely to engage in dominant behavior in which country? |
| | A) | the United States |
| | B) | Egypt |
| | C) | Israel |
| | D) | Norway |
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25 | |
J.O. Halliwell's (1844) poem in which he describes girls as being made of "sugar and spice and all that's nice" and boys as made of "snips and snails and puppy dogs' tails" provides a good example of: |
| | A) | gender-role transcendence. |
| | B) | gender-role classification. |
| | C) | gender stereotyping. |
| | D) | gender-based prejudice. |
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26 | |
The term androgyny refers to a gender role that is: |
| | A) | highly masculine. |
| | B) | highly feminine. |
| | C) | both highly masculine and highly feminine. |
| | D) | neither masculine nor feminine. |
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27 | |
Jean Baker Miller (1986) believes that the study of women's psychological development: |
| | A) | opens up paths to a better understanding of both male and female psychological development. |
| | B) | will harm the inroads women have been making in terms of gaining equal status with men. |
| | C) | will further the feminist movement. |
| | D) | opens the door for women to gain a stronger foothold in the business world. |
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28 | |
In her research on intimate relationships, Harriet Lerner (1989) has found that: |
| | A) | many men distance themselves from their partner when the going gets rough, rather than work on the relationship. |
| | B) | once a person has reached his or her early twenties, it is nearly impossible to learn to move differently in key relationships. |
| | C) | it is important for women to bring a strong, assertive, independent, authentic self to their relationships. |
| | D) | the future well-being of the world rests on women improving their relationships and men improving their self-development. |
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29 | |
According to Deborah Tannen's (1990) analysis of the talk of women and men: |
| | A) | lack of communication is high on men's list of reasons for divorce. |
| | B) | men use talk for information, women use it for interaction. |
| | C) | men are more likely to engage in rapport talk, whereas women are more likely to engage in report talk. |
| | D) | it is extremely unlikely that men and women will be able to make the giant leap across the communication gap. |
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30 | |
According to Joseph Pleck's (1981, 1995) role-strain view: |
| | A) | men need to allow women into the workforce to alleviate men's burden. |
| | B) | the male role is contradictory and inconsistent. |
| | C) | men have become workaholics out of their macho need to provide for their families. |
| | D) | nurturing and being sensitive to others is now being viewed as a way for men to improve their lives. |
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31 | |
According to Ron Levant (1995), men should do all of the following to reconstruct their masculinity in more positive ways, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | reexamine their beliefs about manhood. |
| | B) | embrace the valuable aspects of the female role. |
| | C) | separate out the valuable aspects of the male role. |
| | D) | eliminate those parts of the masculine role that are destructive. |
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32 | |
In terms of parental influences on their children's gender development: |
| | A) | fathers usually want their sons to behave independently and engage in rough-and-tumble play. |
| | B) | mothers are more likely to engage in playful interaction. |
| | C) | mothers are more likely to be given responsibility for ensuring their children conform to cultural norms. |
| | D) | fathers are more involved than mothers in socializing their children. |
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33 | |
The gender intensification hypothesis states that _______ differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional gender roles. |
| | A) | psychological and behavioral |
| | B) | intellectual and emotional |
| | C) | sexual and emotional |
| | D) | physical and sexual |
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34 | |
Studies on gender roles have found that in middle and later adulthood: |
| | A) | men feel they must engage in masculine behaviors to feed and protect their families. |
| | B) | women must engage in feminine behaviors by nurturing and caring for their families. |
| | C) | men become more active and less sensitive in relationships. |
| | D) | men become more "feminine" by engaging in traditionally feminine traits. |
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35 | |
Who is the best example of the concept of "triple jeopardy"? |
| | A) | Maximilian, who is 75 years old, White, and male. |
| | B) | Mattia, who is 75 years old, African-American, and female. |
| | C) | Carlos, who is 15 years old, Latino, and male. |
| | D) | Yeh, who is 15 years old, Asian, and female. |
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36 | |
Eula is typical of elderly African-American women in cities. Consequently, we would expect her to value all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | solitude. |
| | B) | her family. |
| | C) | the American work ethic. |
| | D) | her religion. |
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37 | |
Sexual motivation in humans is influenced by: |
| | A) | hormones. |
| | B) | cultural factors. |
| | C) | both hormones and cultural factors. |
| | D) | hormones, cultural factors, and education. |
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38 | |
Which of the following best reflects societal attitudes toward sex? |
| | A) | The Ines Beag culture off the coast of Ireland has more permissive attitudes toward sexuality than in the United States. |
| | B) | The Mangaian culture in the South Sea islands has more restrictive attitudes toward sexuality than in the United States. |
| | C) | There is wide variation in attitudes toward sex from one culture to another. |
| | D) | With only a few exceptions (i.e., cultures that are either extremely permissive or extremely conservative), attitudes toward sexuality are relatively universal. |
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39 | |
_______ scripts are stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually. |
| | A) | Sexual |
| | B) | Dating |
| | C) | Traditional |
| | D) | Romantic |
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40 | |
A study of sexual activity by Michael et al. (1994) found all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | married couples have sex more than single people. |
| | B) | the favorite sexual act was oral sex. |
| | C) | adultery is the exception rather than the rule. |
| | D) | men think about sex far more than women do. |
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41 | |
Recent research exploring the biological bases of homosexuality has found: |
| | A) | homosexuals and heterosexuals have different physiological responses during sexual arousal. |
| | B) | if male homosexuals are given male sex hormones, their sexual orientation changes. |
| | C) | exposure of the fetus to hormone levels characteristic of females might cause an individual to become attracted to males. |
| | D) | an area of the hypothalamus that governs sexual behavior has been found to be twice as large in homosexual males as in heterosexual males. |
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42 | |
Laura Brown (1989) has suggested that gays and lesbians can best adapt to a world in which they are a minority by: |
| | A) | getting therapy to help them change their sexual orientation. |
| | B) | getting therapy to help them adjust to the stigmatism of being homosexual. |
| | C) | living in a primarily gay or lesbian world. |
| | D) | developing an identity that balances the minority gay/lesbian culture and the majority heterosexual culture. |
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43 | |
The most common of all sexually transmitted diseases is: |
| | A) | syphilis. |
| | B) | gonorrhea. |
| | C) | chlamydia. |
| | D) | genital herpes. |
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44 | |
AIDS CANNOT be transmitted by: |
| | A) | intimate sexual contact. |
| | B) | sharing needles. |
| | C) | blood transfusions. |
| | D) | contact with urine. |
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45 | |
Andrea and Tom are at a point in their relationship where they will soon become sexually intimate. They would be wise to protect themselves against STDs by taking which of the following precautions? |
| | A) | ask about each other's previous sexual encounters |
| | B) | obtain medical examinations |
| | C) | apply petroleum jelly to condoms before using them |
| | D) | promise to be monogamous |
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46 | |
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rapists? |
| | A) | They use aggression to enhance their sense of power. |
| | B) | They have an abnormal need for sexual pleasure. |
| | C) | They are generally angry at women. |
| | D) | They want to hurt and humiliate their victim. |
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47 | |
Which of the following is TRUE concerning rape? |
| | A) | A man cannot rape his wife. |
| | B) | Rape is a traumatic experience for the victim and those close to her. |
| | C) | Men cannot be raped. |
| | D) | Many women actually want to be raped. |
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48 | |
Sexual harassment is: |
| | A) | a manifestation of power and domination of one person over another. |
| | B) | so blatant that it is hard to miss. |
| | C) | becoming less prevalent because of awareness. |
| | D) | less prevalent than the media would have us believe. |
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49 | |
As a child matures into adolescence, interest in sexuality: |
| | A) | is considered normal. |
| | B) | is a risk factor. |
| | C) | becomes abnormal. |
| | D) | inhibits cognitive development. |
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50 | |
Adolescents who engage in homosexual behavior in adolescence: |
| | A) | will increase their homosexual practices into adulthood. |
| | B) | do not necessarily continue the practice into adulthood. |
| | C) | may benefit from counseling aimed at helping them become heterosexual. |
| | D) | are usually only exploring their newly budding sexuality. |
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51 | |
David, a homosexual male, engaged in "passing" during adolescence. This would mean David: |
| | A) | frequented gay bath houses. |
| | B) | encouraged his heterosexual friends to engage in homosexual activities. |
| | C) | hid his homosexual identity. |
| | D) | let people close to him know that he was homosexual. |
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52 | |
According to a 1998 study by the Alan Guttmacher Institute, initial sexual intercourse occurs _______ for most teenagers. |
| | A) | around age 12 |
| | B) | by age 15 |
| | C) | in the early- to mid-adolescent years |
| | D) | in the mid- to late-adolescent years |
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53 | |
With respect to use of contraceptives: |
| | A) | adolescent girls are increasing their use, but adolescent boys are decreasing their use. |
| | B) | adolescent boys are increasing their use, but adolescent girls are decreasing their use. |
| | C) | both adolescent boys and girls are increasing their use. |
| | D) | both adolescent boys and girls are decreasing their use. |
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54 | |
The teenage birth rate: |
| | A) | is lower now than it was in the 1950s and 1960s. |
| | B) | is about the same as it was in the 1950s and 1960s. |
| | C) | is higher than it was in the 1950s and 1960s. |
| | D) | has been growing steadily since the 1950s. |
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55 | |
All of the following are health risks for infants of adolescent mothers, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | low birthweight. |
| | B) | neurological problems. |
| | C) | childhood illness. |
| | D) | chlamydia. |
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56 | |
The Teen Outreach Program, which involves adolescents in volunteer community service, has been successful in lowering all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | teen smoking. |
| | B) | adolescent pregnancy. |
| | C) | school failure rate. |
| | D) | academic suspension. |
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57 | |
In a large-scale study of Americans in midlife, Brim (1999) found that for women who had experienced menopause, most reported that menopause was a _______ experience. |
| | A) | positive |
| | B) | negative |
| | C) | neutral tending toward positive |
| | D) | neutral tending toward negative |
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58 | |
What is the basis of erroneous beliefs about menopause? |
| | A) | Most women experience them. |
| | B) | The beliefs conform well with gender-typed beliefs about middle-age women. |
| | C) | The research is based on small, select samples of women. |
| | D) | Drug companies promote them to sell their products. |
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59 | |
The American Geriatric Association recommends that: |
| | A) | postmenopausal women should consider hormone replacement therapy. |
| | B) | women who have had hysterectomies should avoid estrogen replacement therapy. |
| | C) | the benefits of hormone replacement therapy outweigh the risks in women who are at increased risk for breast cancer. |
| | D) | women need to rely heavily on their doctor's advice when deciding whether they should use hormone replacement therapy. |
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60 | |
What type of hormonal changes do middle-aged men experience? |
| | A) | loss of their capacity to father children |
| | B) | modest increase in sexual activity |
| | C) | psychological adjustment to declining physical energy |
| | D) | a dramatic drop in testosterone levels |
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61 | |
When compared to that in early adulthood, sexual activity during middle adulthood is: |
| | A) | more frequent. |
| | B) | less frequent. |
| | C) | about the same. |
| | D) | more dependent on physical activity. |
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62 | |
A study by Matthias et al. (1997) of more than 1,200 adults with a mean age of 77 found that: |
| | A) | over half of them had participated in sexual activity in the past month. |
| | B) | two-thirds were satisfied with their current level of sexual activity. |
| | C) | almost 75 percent of them had discontinued having sex within the past 5 years. |
| | D) | the men were more sexually active than the women. |
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63 | |
The sex education therapy for older adults reporting sexual difficulties led to all of the following, EXCEPT increased: |
| | A) | sexual interest |
| | B) | knowledge |
| | C) | embarrassment |
| | D) | activity |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education