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1 | |
According to the Theory of Evolution, life continues to be spontaneously generated within the Earth's biosphere. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | |
The universe may have begun with a cosmic Big Bang approximately 15 billion years ago. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | |
In the 1920s, Russian biochemist Alexander I. Oparin and British biologist J.B.S. Haldane independently proposed that life originated on earth after an inconceivably long period of... |
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| | A) | Cellular evolution |
| | B) | Organelle evolution |
| | C) | Abiogenic molecular evolution |
| | D) | Molecular evolution |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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4 | |
There are four major groups of biologically important organic compounds. Which of these are included with those groups? |
|
| | A) | Carbohydrates |
| | B) | Proteins |
| | C) | Lipids |
| | D) | Nucleic Acids |
| | E) | All of the above are biologically important organic groups |
|
5 | |
Carbohydrates are some of the rarest organic compounds and their constituent elements are usually present in the ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1O. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
Which of the following would be classified as monosaccharides? |
|
| | A) | Cellulose |
| | B) | Glucose |
| | C) | Maltose |
| | D) | Glycogen |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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7 | |
Which of the following is an important storage compound for excess sugar in animals? |
|
| | A) | Cellulose |
| | B) | Starch |
| | C) | Glycogen |
| | D) | Sucrose |
| | E) | Galactose |
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8 | |
Which of the following is NOT true about lipids? |
|
| | A) | They are not soluble in water |
| | B) | They may be neutral fats, phospholipids, or steroids |
| | C) | They may be saturated or unsaturated |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
9 | |
Proteins are composed of 50 commonly occurring amino acids. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
Amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis to form what kind of bond? |
|
| | A) | Ionic bonds |
| | B) | Hydrogen bonds |
| | C) | Peptide bonds |
| | D) | Carbon-to-carbon covalent bonds |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
11 | |
The primary structure determines the secondary structure, which in turn determines the tertiary structure. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
The tertiary structure of proteins may be stabilized by the presence of which of the following? |
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| | A) | Disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids |
| | B) | Ionic bonds |
| | C) | Hydrogen bonds |
| | D) | Hydrophobic bonds |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
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13 | |
Proteins may serve in which of the following functions in the animal body? |
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| | A) | Structures |
| | B) | Hormones |
| | C) | Enzymes |
| | D) | Transport molecules |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
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14 | |
The two kinds of nucleic acids present in cells are DNA and RNA, each of which is made up of 20 different amino acids. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
Haldane and Oparin proposed that the earth's atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago consisted of simple compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, molecular hydrogen, methane, and ammonia. One gas, however, was likely not present. This gas was... |
|
| | A) | Sulphur |
| | B) | Oxygen |
| | C) | Nitrogen |
| | D) | Chlorine |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
16 | |
Which of the following is NOT a property of water? |
|
| | A) | High specific heat |
| | B) | High heat of vaporization |
| | C) | Unique density behavior |
| | D) | Greatest density at 0°C |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
17 | |
Water has a high surface tension, exceeding that of any other liquid except mercury. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
Organic macromolecules are made by the process of condensation (dehydration) and broken down into their constituent components by hydrolysis. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
The reducing atmosphere of the primitive earth was conducive to the prebiotic synthesis that led to life's beginnings, and it would still be suited to organisms alive today. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
To provide the free energy required for the formation of prebiotic organic compounds on earth, a reliable source had to be present. This source was likely from... |
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| | A) | Electrical discharges into the earth's atmosphere. |
| | B) | Solar radiation, relatively unattenuated because ozone was not present |
| | C) | Global volcanic eruptions |
| | D) | Hydrothermal vents |
| | E) | All of the above could have provided free energy for the formation of prebiotic organic compounds. |
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21 | |
The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis stimulated experimental work to test the hypothesis that organic compounds characteristic of life could be formed from simpler organic compounds. Who were the experimenters at the University of Chicago who first successfully simulated the conditions thought to have prevailed on the primitive earth? |
|
| | A) | Watson and Crick |
| | B) | Miller and Urey |
| | C) | Hickman, Roberts, & Larson |
| | D) | Gilbert and Sullivan |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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22 | |
There are several other requirements for the synthesis of life from prebiotic organic compounds: |
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| | A) | The formation of organic polymers in a concentrated form |
| | B) | Conditions for the concentration of organic molecules |
| | C) | Thermal condensation reactions without the aid of enzymes |
| | D) | Availability of some surface such as clay or microspheres to hold or encapsulate the prebiotic organic compounds |
| | E) | All of the above were likely necessary for the evolution of life from prebiotic organic compounds |
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23 | |
The fossil record reveals that there are traces of early life forms by 3.8 billion years ago, suggesting that early protocells likely arose nearly 4.0 billion years ago. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
Which of the following is false? |
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| | A) | Only proteins can act as enzymes |
| | B) | Catalytic RNA (ribozymes) can mediate processing of mRNA and also catalyze the formation of peptide bonds |
| | C) | The earliest enzymes could have been RNA |
| | D) | The evolution of life may have been dominated by RNA at one point |
| | E) | None of the above is false |
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25 | |
Organisms that can synthesize their food from inorganic sources using light or another source of energy are called... |
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| | A) | Heterotrophs |
| | B) | Primary heterotrophs |
| | C) | Autotrophs |
| | D) | Oxidative autotrophs |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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26 | |
Gradually, oxygen produced by _____________ accumulated in the atmosphere. When atmospheric oxygen reached about 1 percent of its current level, ____________ began to accumulate and to absorb ultraviolet radiation. |
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| | A) | Oxidative phosphorylation; methane |
| | B) | Photosynthesis; nitrates |
| | C) | Photosynthesis; molecular hydrogen |
| | D) | Photosynthesis; ozone |
| | E) | Oxidative phosphorylation; ozone |
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27 | |
Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen would interfere with anaerobic cellular metabolism that had evolved in the primitive reducing atmosphere. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
Our atmosphere today can be described by which of the following terms? |
|
| | A) | Strongly reducing |
| | B) | Strongly oxidizing |
| | C) | Strongly phosphorylating |
| | D) | Weakly reducing |
| | E) | Weakly oxidizing |
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29 | |
The first organisms on earth are believed to have been primary heterotrophs, living on the energy stored in organic compounds within the "primordial soup." |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | |
Which of the following are believed to have been responsible for generating the first atmospheric oxygen early in life's history? |
|
| | A) | Heterotrophic bacteria |
| | B) | Archaea |
| | C) | Cyanobacteria |
| | D) | Eukaryotic unicells |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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31 | |
According to the "endosymbiotic theory," of Lynn Margulis, ancestral eukaryotes arose from the symbiotic unions of two or more types of prokaryotes. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
DNA can currently be found in which of the following structures or organelles? |
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| | A) | Nucleus |
| | B) | Mitochondria |
| | C) | Plastids |
| | D) | Cilia and Flagella |
| | E) | All of the above contain DNA |