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1 | | Like birds, mammals possess both endothermy and homeothermy. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | | Mammals do NOT have which of the following? |
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| | A) | Mammary glands |
| | B) | Large cerebrum |
| | C) | Specialization of teeth (e.g., heterodont dentition) |
| | D) | Hair |
| | E) | Indirect flight muscles |
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3 | | Mammals may have sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands in their skin. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | | Mammals descended from a group of mammal-like reptiles called... |
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| | A) | Dicynodonts |
| | B) | Therapsids |
| | C) | Thecodonts |
| | D) | Archosaurs |
| | E) | Pelycosaurs |
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5 | | The protein making up mammalian hair is called... |
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| | A) | Prolactin |
| | B) | Keratin |
| | C) | Pelagin |
| | D) | Dermin |
| | E) | N-acetyl glucosamine |
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6 | | The most diverse group of mammals (in terms of number of species) is the... |
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| | A) | Monotremes |
| | B) | Chiroptera |
| | C) | Primates |
| | D) | Early insectivores |
| | E) | Ungulates |
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7 | | Which of the following terms or phrases is associated with mammalian reproduction? |
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| | A) | Estrous cycle |
| | B) | Menstruation |
| | C) | Parental care |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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8 | | Primates are split into which two major lineages? |
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| | A) | Prosimians and simians |
| | B) | Neanderthals and Homo erectus |
| | C) | Hominids and simians |
| | D) | Archosaurs and simians |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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9 | | All primates have which of the following characteristics? |
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| | A) | Grasping fingers on all four limbs |
| | B) | An opposable thumb |
| | C) | Excellent depth perception |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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10 | | Most mammals have a highly developed placenta, mammary glands, and an advanced nervous system. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | | The secondary palate, which separates the air passageway from the food passageway, enables mammals to hold and partially break down food in their mouths without interrupting breathing. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
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| | A) | Convoluted turbinate bones in the nasal cavity provide a high surface area for warming and moistening inspired air and for reducing moisture loss during exhalation |
| | B) | The mammals comprise a large and diverse group of species, far exceeding the number of bird species |
| | C) | Some mammals, such as gorillas, are near extinction because of human destruction of their habitats |
| | D) | The evolutionary descent of mammals from their earliest amniote ancestors is perhaps the most fully documented transition in vertebrate history |
| | E) | The earliest synapsids radiated into diverse herbivorous and carnivorous forms collectively called Pelycosaurs |
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13 | | Pelycosaurs somewhat resemble lizards but are not closely related to them. In addition, Pelycosaurs are not a monophyletic group. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | | Only the last therapsid subgroup to evolve, the cynodonts, survived to enter the Mesozoic era. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | | Loss of lumbar ribs in cynodonts is not correlated with the evolution of a diaphragm. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | | Which of the following most closely resembles the mammals, sharing with them several derived features of the skull and teeth? |
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| | A) | Pelycosaurs |
| | B) | Trihelodontids |
| | C) | Cynodonts |
| | D) | Polyphyodonts |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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17 | | While dinosaurs became diverse and abundant, all nonmammalian synapsid groups became extinct. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | | With the evolution of a new jaw joint between the dentary and squamosal bones in mammals, bones of the previous jaw joint-the articular and quadrate-continued their gradual reduction in size and became relocated in the middle ear, where they became the malleus and incus, respectively. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | | Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Mammalia? |
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| | A) | Body typically covered with hair |
| | B) | Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears (pinnae) |
| | C) | Four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles |
| | D) | Biconcave, nonnucleated erythrocytes |
| | E) | Cloaca present in all groups |
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20 | | Which one of the following is NOT a correct match? |
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| | A) | Skin-composed of an epidermis covered by vibrissae |
| | B) | Hair-composed of fibrous keratin; traps heat, sometimes adds color |
| | C) | Whales-sister group to all artiodactyls |
| | D) | Pelage-the combination of underhair and guard hair |
| | E) | Molts-periodic loss and replacement of fur |
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21 | | True horns, found in members of the family Bovidae, are hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis that embrace a core of bone arising from the skull. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | | Antlers of the deer family Cervidae are branched and composed of solid bone. The horns of rhinoceros are similar structures attached directly to the skull. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | | Sweat glands are classified as eccrine and apocrine glands. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
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| | A) | Mammalian teeth-heterodont dentition |
| | B) | Monotremes-lack nipples |
| | C) | Deciduous teeth-milk teeth replaced by a permanent set |
| | D) | Cellulose-easily digested by all mammalian herbivores |
| | E) | Ruminants-four-chambered stomach |
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25 | | Hares, rabbits, and some rodents often eat their fecal pellets. This is known as... |
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| | A) | Herbivory |
| | B) | Carnivory |
| | C) | Coprophagy |
| | D) | Omnivory |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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26 | | In general, the larger the mammal, the greater the metabolic rate and the more it must consume relative to its body size. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | | Unlike birds, very few mammals make regular seasonal migrations. More mammalian migrators are found in North America than on any other continent. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | | Gliding and flying evolved independently in several groups of mammals, including rodents, flying lemurs, and bats, but not marsupials. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | | Most bats spend the winter in hibernation; in addition, most are nocturnal or crepuscular in behavior, thus occupying a niche largely uninhabited by birds. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
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| | A) | Many insectivores (such as shrews and tenrecs) use echolocation, but it is crudely developed compared with that of bats |
| | B) | Not all bats use echolocation to navigate, even though most bats have poor vision |
| | C) | The eggs of monotremes are covered by a thin, leathery shell |
| | D) | Echidnas incubate their eggs in an abdominal pouch |
| | E) | Marsupials have a primitive choriovitelline placenta |
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31 | | Gestation is brief in marsupials, and therefore all marsupials give birth to tiny young that are effectively still embryos, both anatomically and physiologically. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | | True placental mammals are always viviparous. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | | Which of the following matches is NOT correct? |
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| | A) | Territories-areas from which individuals of the same species are excluded |
| | B) | Home range-a much larger foraging area surrounding a defended territory |
| | C) | Density-independent factor-natural catastrophes are an example |
| | D) | Earliest primate-probably a large, diurnal, bipedal organism |
| | E) | Arboreal-living in the trees |
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34 | | The earliest simian fossils appeared in Africa in late Eocene deposits, some 40 million years ago. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | | Old World monkeys are classified as cercopithecoids and lack the grasping tail of the New World ceboid monkeys. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | | Old World Monkeys and anthropoid apes are not sister taxa. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | | At some point, emerging hominids evolved upright posture and dexterous hands with a completely opposable thumb. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
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| | A) | Australopithecus anamensis-possibly bipedal; an intermediate form between A. ramadus and A. afarensis (Lucy) |
| | B) | Homo-a genus that emerged about 3 to 4 million years ago with Australopithecus |
| | C) | Chad-site of Sahelanthropous tchadensis, a chimplike creature and the most ancient hominid yet discovered |
| | D) | Ardipithecus ramadus-may have been bipedal, with a mosaic of primitive apelike and derived hominid traits |
| | E) | Homo habilis-a fully erect hominid but undoubtedly incapable of any kind of speech |
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39 | | After the disappearance of Homo erectus around 300,000 years ago, the Neanderthals emerged about 130,000 years ago and were ultimately replaced by Cro Magnon by about 30,000 years ago. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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40 | | Recent molecular genetic studies indicate that human populations have formed a single evolutionary lineage for the past 1.7 million years. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | | Fossil and mtDNA evidence indicates that characteristics of Homo sapiens, as presently defined, arose in Africa about 20 million years ago. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |