 |
1 | |
Like birds, mammals possess both endothermy and homeothermy. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
2 | |
Mammals do NOT have which of the following? |
|
| | A) | Mammary glands |
| | B) | Large cerebrum |
| | C) | Specialization of teeth (e.g., heterodont dentition) |
| | D) | Hair |
| | E) | Indirect flight muscles |
|
3 | |
Mammals may have sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands in their skin. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
4 | |
Mammals descended from a group of mammal-like reptiles called... |
|
| | A) | Dicynodonts |
| | B) | Therapsids |
| | C) | Thecodonts |
| | D) | Archosaurs |
| | E) | Pelycosaurs |
|
5 | |
The protein making up mammalian hair is called... |
|
| | A) | Prolactin |
| | B) | Keratin |
| | C) | Pelagin |
| | D) | Dermin |
| | E) | N-acetyl glucosamine |
|
6 | |
The most diverse group of mammals (in terms of number of species) is the... |
|
| | A) | Monotremes |
| | B) | Chiroptera |
| | C) | Primates |
| | D) | Early insectivores |
| | E) | Ungulates |
|
7 | |
Which of the following terms or phrases is associated with mammalian reproduction? |
|
| | A) | Estrous cycle |
| | B) | Menstruation |
| | C) | Parental care |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
8 | |
Primates are split into which two major lineages? |
|
| | A) | Prosimians and simians |
| | B) | Neanderthals and Homo erectus |
| | C) | Hominids and simians |
| | D) | Archosaurs and simians |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
9 | |
All primates have which of the following characteristics? |
|
| | A) | Grasping fingers on all four limbs |
| | B) | An opposable thumb |
| | C) | Excellent depth perception |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
10 | |
Most mammals have a highly developed placenta, mammary glands, and an advanced nervous system. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
11 | |
The secondary palate, which separates the air passageway from the food passageway, enables mammals to hold and partially break down food in their mouths without interrupting breathing. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
12 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct? |
|
| | A) | Convoluted turbinate bones in the nasal cavity provide a high surface area for warming and moistening inspired air and for reducing moisture loss during exhalation |
| | B) | The mammals comprise a large and diverse group of species, far exceeding the number of bird species |
| | C) | Some mammals, such as gorillas, are near extinction because of human destruction of their habitats |
| | D) | The evolutionary descent of mammals from their earliest amniote ancestors is perhaps the most fully documented transition in vertebrate history |
| | E) | The earliest synapsids radiated into diverse herbivorous and carnivorous forms collectively called Pelycosaurs |
|
13 | |
Pelycosaurs somewhat resemble lizards but are not closely related to them. In addition, Pelycosaurs are not a monophyletic group. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
14 | |
Only the last therapsid subgroup to evolve, the cynodonts, survived to enter the Mesozoic era. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
15 | |
Loss of lumbar ribs in cynodonts is not correlated with the evolution of a diaphragm. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
16 | |
Which of the following most closely resembles the mammals, sharing with them several derived features of the skull and teeth? |
|
| | A) | Pelycosaurs |
| | B) | Trihelodontids |
| | C) | Cynodonts |
| | D) | Polyphyodonts |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
17 | |
While dinosaurs became diverse and abundant, all nonmammalian synapsid groups became extinct. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
18 | |
With the evolution of a new jaw joint between the dentary and squamosal bones in mammals, bones of the previous jaw joint-the articular and quadrate-continued their gradual reduction in size and became relocated in the middle ear, where they became the malleus and incus, respectively. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
19 | |
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Mammalia? |
|
| | A) | Body typically covered with hair |
| | B) | Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears (pinnae) |
| | C) | Four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles |
| | D) | Biconcave, nonnucleated erythrocytes |
| | E) | Cloaca present in all groups |
|
20 | |
Which one of the following is NOT a correct match? |
|
| | A) | Skin-composed of an epidermis covered by vibrissae |
| | B) | Hair-composed of fibrous keratin; traps heat, sometimes adds color |
| | C) | Whales-sister group to all artiodactyls |
| | D) | Pelage-the combination of underhair and guard hair |
| | E) | Molts-periodic loss and replacement of fur |
|
21 | |
True horns, found in members of the family Bovidae, are hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis that embrace a core of bone arising from the skull. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
22 | |
Antlers of the deer family Cervidae are branched and composed of solid bone. The horns of rhinoceros are similar structures attached directly to the skull. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
23 | |
Sweat glands are classified as eccrine and apocrine glands. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
24 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct? |
|
| | A) | Mammalian teeth-heterodont dentition |
| | B) | Monotremes-lack nipples |
| | C) | Deciduous teeth-milk teeth replaced by a permanent set |
| | D) | Cellulose-easily digested by all mammalian herbivores |
| | E) | Ruminants-four-chambered stomach |
|
25 | |
Hares, rabbits, and some rodents often eat their fecal pellets. This is known as... |
|
| | A) | Herbivory |
| | B) | Carnivory |
| | C) | Coprophagy |
| | D) | Omnivory |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
26 | |
In general, the larger the mammal, the greater the metabolic rate and the more it must consume relative to its body size. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
27 | |
Unlike birds, very few mammals make regular seasonal migrations. More mammalian migrators are found in North America than on any other continent. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
28 | |
Gliding and flying evolved independently in several groups of mammals, including rodents, flying lemurs, and bats, but not marsupials. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
29 | |
Most bats spend the winter in hibernation; in addition, most are nocturnal or crepuscular in behavior, thus occupying a niche largely uninhabited by birds. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
30 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct? |
|
| | A) | Many insectivores (such as shrews and tenrecs) use echolocation, but it is crudely developed compared with that of bats |
| | B) | Not all bats use echolocation to navigate, even though most bats have poor vision |
| | C) | The eggs of monotremes are covered by a thin, leathery shell |
| | D) | Echidnas incubate their eggs in an abdominal pouch |
| | E) | Marsupials have a primitive choriovitelline placenta |
|
31 | |
Gestation is brief in marsupials, and therefore all marsupials give birth to tiny young that are effectively still embryos, both anatomically and physiologically. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
32 | |
True placental mammals are always viviparous. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
33 | |
Which of the following matches is NOT correct? |
|
| | A) | Territories-areas from which individuals of the same species are excluded |
| | B) | Home range-a much larger foraging area surrounding a defended territory |
| | C) | Density-independent factor-natural catastrophes are an example |
| | D) | Earliest primate-probably a large, diurnal, bipedal organism |
| | E) | Arboreal-living in the trees |
|
34 | |
The earliest simian fossils appeared in Africa in late Eocene deposits, some 40 million years ago. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
35 | |
Old World monkeys are classified as cercopithecoids and lack the grasping tail of the New World ceboid monkeys. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
36 | |
Old World Monkeys and anthropoid apes are not sister taxa. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
37 | |
At some point, emerging hominids evolved upright posture and dexterous hands with a completely opposable thumb. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
38 | |
Which of the following is NOT correct? |
|
| | A) | Australopithecus anamensis-possibly bipedal; an intermediate form between A. ramadus and A. afarensis (Lucy) |
| | B) | Homo-a genus that emerged about 3 to 4 million years ago with Australopithecus |
| | C) | Chad-site of Sahelanthropous tchadensis, a chimplike creature and the most ancient hominid yet discovered |
| | D) | Ardipithecus ramadus-may have been bipedal, with a mosaic of primitive apelike and derived hominid traits |
| | E) | Homo habilis-a fully erect hominid but undoubtedly incapable of any kind of speech |
|
39 | |
After the disappearance of Homo erectus around 300,000 years ago, the Neanderthals emerged about 130,000 years ago and were ultimately replaced by Cro Magnon by about 30,000 years ago. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
40 | |
Recent molecular genetic studies indicate that human populations have formed a single evolutionary lineage for the past 1.7 million years. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
41 | |
Fossil and mtDNA evidence indicates that characteristics of Homo sapiens, as presently defined, arose in Africa about 20 million years ago. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |