 |
1 | |
Freshwater fish and amphibians actively drink water, whereas marine fish do not drink water. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
2 | |
Elasmobranchs have hypertonic body fluids due to unusually high accumulations of trimethlamine oxide (TMAO) and magnesium sulfate. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
3 | |
With respect to their environmental medium, most marine invertebrates would be... |
|
| | A) | Hypertonic |
| | B) | Hypotonic |
| | C) | Isotonic |
| | D) | Ginantonic |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
4 | |
Organisms that are not able to withstand a wide variation in the salinity of their medium are called... |
|
| | A) | Stenohaline |
| | B) | Euryhaline |
| | C) | Eurythermal |
| | D) | Salt regulators |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
5 | |
In some desert rodents, gain of water via metabolic oxidation of foodstuffs may constitute a very significant proportion of their water balance. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
6 | |
Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia perhaps because it is nontoxic and can be excreted with little water loss. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
7 | |
The first fish to evolve were likely freshwater species. What would have been their major osmotic problem? |
|
| | A) | Water loss |
| | B) | Water influx |
| | C) | Salt intake |
| | D) | Influx of phosphate ions |
| | E) | Influx of calcium ions |
|
8 | |
Amphibians may absorb salts from the medium in which they live via their... |
|
| | A) | Gills |
| | B) | Kidneys |
| | C) | Integument |
| | D) | Rectal glands |
| | E) | Mesonephridia |
|
9 | |
Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas, which controls sodium reabsorption by the nephron. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
10 | |
The metanephridium is an open, or "true" Nephridium. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
11 | |
The antennal glands of crustaceans are excretory systems that lack nephrostomes. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
12 | |
When the osmotic risks are considered, a marine fish might be likened to... |
|
| | A) | A freshwater fish |
| | B) | A freshwater amphibian |
| | C) | A desert-dwelling mammal |
| | D) | A freshwater mammal such as a beaver |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
13 | |
Which of the following acts to expel excess water from protozoans and freshwater sponges? |
|
| | A) | Flame cells |
| | B) | Protonephridia |
| | C) | Lysosomes |
| | D) | Contractile vacuoles |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
14 | |
The excretory system of a planarian is of which type? |
|
| | A) | Mesonephridial |
| | B) | Metanephridial |
| | C) | Protonephridial |
| | D) | Ananephridial |
| | E) | Mononephridial |
|
15 | |
The "flame" of a flame cell refers to the... |
|
| | A) | Flagella |
| | B) | Contractile vacuole |
| | C) | Nephric tubule |
| | D) | Nephrostome |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
16 | |
Uric acid is excreted by Malpighian tubules in some spiders and insects. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
17 | |
The archinephros is known as the ancestral kidney, and is found in the embryos of hagfish and caecilians. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
18 | |
Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and exits via the efferent arteriole. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
19 | |
Both insects and spiders have which of the following structures specialized for excretion? |
|
| | A) | Book gills |
| | B) | Malpighian tubules |
| | C) | Protonephridia |
| | D) | Metanephridia |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
20 | |
Which of the following serves as the functional kidney of adult amniotes? |
|
| | A) | Mesonephros |
| | B) | Metanephros |
| | C) | Pronephros |
| | D) | Archinephros |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
21 | |
The most advanced type of kidney has a unique duct not found in other types of kidneys, the... |
|
| | A) | Labyrinth |
| | B) | Nephrostome |
| | C) | Cloaca |
| | D) | Ureter |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
22 | |
The portion of the nephron that initially receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the... |
|
| | A) | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| | B) | Loop of Henle |
| | C) | Renal pelvis |
| | D) | Bowman's capsule |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
23 | |
Which of the following is the correct order for the passage of urine? |
|
| | A) | Collecting duct, bladder, renal pelvis, and ureter |
| | B) | Bladder, renal pelvis, collecting duct, and ureter |
| | C) | Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder |
| | D) | Collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, and bladder |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
24 | |
Tubular reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule is based on the action of... |
|
| | A) | Diffusion |
| | B) | Active transport |
| | C) | A pressure differential |
| | D) | A temperature gradient |
| | E) | Facilitated diffusion |
|
25 | |
Which structure of the kidney is most associated with concentration of the urine, particularly as observed in animals like the kangaroos rat or camel? |
|
| | A) | The Bowman's capsule |
| | B) | The collecting duct |
| | C) | The proximal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | Henle's loop |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
26 | |
Glomerular filtration is based on diffusion and active transport. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
27 | |
Animals that are poikilothermic are also typically endothermic; animals that are homeothermic are typically ectothermic. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
28 | |
To avoid desert heat, animals may become nocturnal or endolithic. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
29 | |
Embryos of birds and reptiles, because they develop within the constraints of a shell, produce solid crystals of uric acid as an excretory product. This is stored within the egg until hatching. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
30 | |
Brown fat is associated with nonshivering thermogenesis. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
31 | |
Ectotherms may maintain a relatively stable level of metabolic activity over a range of seasonal temperature changes by... |
|
| | A) | Oxidation of brown fat |
| | B) | Shivering thermogenesis |
| | C) | Nonshivering thermogenesis |
| | D) | Temperature compensation |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
32 | |
Endothermy is maintained by heat production primarily via cellular metabolism and ... |
|
| | A) | Conduction |
| | B) | Respiratory evaporation |
| | C) | Muscular contraction |
| | D) | Gular flutter |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
33 | |
Desert animals would be expected to produce... |
|
| | A) | Copious urine and dry feces |
| | B) | Concentrated urine and dry feces |
| | C) | Copious urine and increased conductance |
| | D) | Concentrated urine and nonshivering thermogenesis |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
34 | |
A desert animal would be expected to have a... |
|
| | A) | Light-colored pelage |
| | B) | Much brown fat |
| | C) | An annual hibernation cycle |
| | D) | Short loops of Henle in the Nephron |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
35 | |
Very thick fur helps to insulate mammals that live in very cold environments. However, thick fur would not be an effective insulator for a very small mammal. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
36 | |
An animal that may inhabit the subnivean environment might be a polar bear. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
37 | |
A hummingbird may drop its body temperature daily to save energy. This physiological response is called torpor. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
38 | |
An organism that maintains its body fluids at a higher salt concentration than the medium in which it lives is known as a hyoposmotic conformer. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
39 | |
Freshwater fish may gain salts via their kidneys and integument. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
40 | |
Systems within an organism function in an integrated way to maintain a constant internal environment around a setpoint. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
41 | |
By expressing concentration of salt in seawater or body fluids in molarity, we are saying that the osmotic strength is equivalent to the molar concentration of an ideal solute having the same osmotic strength. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
42 | |
Stored fats are seldom an important source of metabolic water in diving animals. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
43 | |
In the disease diabetes mellitus, glucose rises to abnormally high concentrations in the blood plasma, causing hypoglycemia. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
44 | |
The blood capillaries surrounding the loops of Henle are called the... |
|
| | A) | Vasa constricta |
| | B) | Vasa deferens |
| | C) | Vasa permeans |
| | D) | Vasa recta |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |