 |
1 | |
The extracellular fluid may be divided into interstitial fluid and... |
|
| | A) | Lymph |
| | B) | Plasma |
| | C) | Intracellular fluid |
| | D) | Cytosol |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
2 | |
The source of the interstitial fluid is primarily from the... |
|
| | A) | Lymph |
| | B) | Cytosol |
| | C) | Plasma |
| | D) | Intracellular fluid |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
3 | |
The functional unit of the amniote lung is the nephron. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
4 | |
In the mammalian lung, the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues is due to countercurrent flow. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
5 | |
In a typical animal, the greatest fluid volume is in the ... |
|
| | A) | Intracellular fraction |
| | B) | Extracellular fraction |
| | C) | Plasma |
| | D) | Interstitial fluid |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
6 | |
Typical vertebrate blood is usually _________ percent plasma and ________percent formed elements. |
|
| | A) | 40, 60 |
| | B) | 55, 45 |
| | C) | 30, 70 |
| | D) | 70, 30 |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
7 | |
The primary function of the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins is... |
|
| | A) | Immunity |
| | B) | Osmotic balance |
| | C) | Blood clotting |
| | D) | Binding irreversibly to oxygen |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
8 | |
The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is in the range of several months. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
9 | |
In simple invertebrates, vessels act as a heart, moving the blood via peristalsis. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
10 | |
Blood pressures are higher in organisms with open circulatory systems. Furthermore, animals with open circulatory systems lack hearts. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
11 | |
Systemic blood pressure is lower in animals with separate systemic and pulmonary circuits because of the separation of the atria and ventricles. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
12 | |
In birds, the atria are completely separated, but the ventricles are not. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
13 | |
In vertebrates, heart rate increases with the increasing size of the animal. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
14 | |
Because systole of vertebrate hearts is initiated by specialized muscle cells (the AV node), the impulse is referred to as myogenic. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
15 | |
The primary function of the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins is... |
|
| | A) | Immunity |
| | B) | Osmotic balance |
| | C) | Blood clotting |
| | D) | Binding irreversibly to oxygen |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
16 | |
Erythrocytes in mammals are primarily formed from erythroblasts in the... |
|
| | A) | Bone marrow |
| | B) | Spleen |
| | C) | Kidneys |
| | D) | Sternum |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
17 | |
A mature erythrocyte is composed primarily of the protein... |
|
| | A) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| | B) | Thrombin |
| | C) | Hemocyanin |
| | D) | Hemoglobin |
| | E) | Myoglobin |
|
18 | |
At the death of an erythrocyte, the iron is reused, but what portion is excreted? |
|
| | A) | Biliverdin portion |
| | B) | Bilirubin portion |
| | C) | Cholesterol |
| | D) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
19 | |
Which of the following terms is best associated with platelets? |
|
| | A) | Hemostasis |
| | B) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| | C) | Bilirubin |
| | D) | Biconcave |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
20 | |
In vertebrates, fibrinogen is transformed into a network of ___________ via a complex set of processes during coagulation. |
|
| | A) | Thrombin |
| | B) | Prothrombin |
| | C) | Thromboplastin |
| | D) | Fibrin |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
21 | |
The most common clotting abnormality in humans is... |
|
| | A) | Hemophilia |
| | B) | Emphysema |
| | C) | Christmas disease |
| | D) | Phlebitis |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
22 | |
An animal in which diffusion could suffice for respiratory needs would most likely be shaped like a |
|
| | A) | Sphere |
| | B) | Flattened leaf |
| | C) | Tube |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
23 | |
Animals with open circulatory systems lack... |
|
| | A) | Capillaries |
| | B) | Arteries |
| | C) | Hearts |
| | D) | A hemocoel |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
24 | |
Fluid lost from capillaries is returned to the venous system by the ___________ system. |
|
| | A) | Lacteal |
| | B) | Lymphatic |
| | C) | Arteriole |
| | D) | Ostial |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
25 | |
Valves in the mammalian heart prevent backflow of blood into the _____ ventricles |
|
| | A) | Bicuspid |
| | B) | Tricuspid |
| | C) | Semilunar |
| | D) | Atrioventricular |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
26 | |
In the fish heart, the ________collects blood and delivers it to the single atrium. |
|
| | A) | Atrium |
| | B) | Conus venosus |
| | C) | Gill arch |
| | D) | Hemocoel |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
27 | |
Which group among the reptiles has a four-chambered heart? |
|
| | A) | Tuataras |
| | B) | Skinks |
| | C) | Snakes |
| | D) | Lizards |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
28 | |
The covering of the mammalian heart is called the... |
|
| | A) | Pericardium |
| | B) | Visceral pleura |
| | C) | Parietal pleura |
| | D) | Ostia |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
29 | |
The portion of the brain most involved in regulating heartbeat is the... |
|
| | A) | Cerebrum |
| | B) | Cerebellum |
| | C) | Thalamus |
| | D) | Thymus |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
30 | |
Sensors external to the heart that are sensitive to __________ are actually sensing levels of carbon dioxide in the body, albeit in an indirect manner. |
|
| | A) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| | B) | Hemoglobin |
| | C) | pH |
| | D) | Oxygen |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
31 | |
Arteries contain more _________tissue than arterioles, to dampen out the pulse from the heartbeat. |
|
| | A) | Collagenous |
| | B) | Elastic |
| | C) | Muscular |
| | D) | Nervous |
| | E) | Adipose |
|
32 | |
Capillaries are composed of a single layer of _________. There are no elastic fibers, no smooth muscle, just a single layer of semipermeable cells. |
|
| | A) | Epithelium |
| | B) | Myothelium |
| | C) | Epicardium |
| | D) | Endothelium |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
33 | |
The most abundant dissolved gases in blood are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
34 | |
The internal nares of mammals connect the ... |
|
| | A) | External nares and the pharynx |
| | B) | Glottis and the larynx |
| | C) | Nasal chamber and the pharynx |
| | D) | Larynx and the bronchi |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
35 | |
Both fish and amphibians ventilate their respiratory structures by... |
|
| | A) | A muscular diaphragm |
| | B) | A pumping mechanism |
| | C) | A flow-through design |
| | D) | Swallowing air |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
36 | |
The extreme efficiency of fish gills in tuna is due to... |
|
| | A) | Ram ventilation |
| | B) | Pneumatic connections with the lung |
| | C) | The elaboration of alveoli |
| | D) | Countercurrent flow |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
37 | |
Cutaneous respiration is seen in relatively scaleless fish like eels, as well as in... |
|
| | A) | Insects |
| | B) | Reptiles |
| | C) | Amphibians |
| | D) | Mammals |
| | E) | Birds |
|
38 | |
In protists and very small invertebrates, respiratory functions are accomplished by... |
|
| | A) | Facilitated diffusion |
| | B) | Active transport |
| | C) | Dialysis |
| | D) | A closed circulatory system |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
39 | |
Excess fluid leaked from the capillaries is known as lymph and is directly picked up by... |
|
| | A) | Venules |
| | B) | Veins |
| | C) | Arterioles |
| | D) | Lymph capillaries |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
40 | |
Blood pressure is expressed as a systolic pressure over a diastolic pressure, and is measured by a respirometer. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
41 | |
The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is in the range of several months. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
42 | |
Blood flow to tissues is controlled by smooth muscles in the walls of the arterioles. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
43 | |
Water is a much more dense environment than the atmospheric environment, and carries more oxygen at saturation than the atmosphere. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
44 | |
Two opposing forces act on the fluid flux at the level of the capillaries: the __________ acts to draw water back into the capillary from the tissue fluid. |
|
| | A) | Lymphatic pressure |
| | B) | Capillary shift |
| | C) | Colloid osmotic pressure |
| | D) | Hydrostatic pressure |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
45 | |
Both the circulatory and tracheal systems of insects are critical for respiration. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
46 | |
A blockage of the coronary circulation may result in a myocardial infarction (MI). |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
47 | |
The walls of the alveoli are primarily composed of... |
|
| | A) | Stratified epithelium |
| | B) | Transitional epithelium |
| | C) | A single layer of squamous epithelium |
| | D) | Cuboidal epithelium |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
48 | |
A unique structure which aids in respiration, that is found only in mammals, is the... |
|
| | A) | Alveolus |
| | B) | Pectoral muscle |
| | C) | Diaphragm |
| | D) | Bronchiole |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
49 | |
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in all of the following ways except... |
|
| | A) | Dissolved in the plasma |
| | B) | In the form of bicarbonate |
| | C) | In the leukocytes |
| | D) | In the erythrocytes |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
50 | |
Arteries farther away from the heart possess more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers. These arteries are called... |
|
| | A) | Venous arteries |
| | B) | Muscular arteries |
| | C) | Nonmuscular arteries |
| | D) | Sphygmomanometer arteries |
| | E) | Endothelial arteries |