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1 | |
A(n) ______ includes all of the communities in a certain area as well as the abioitic environment. |
|
| | A) | Population |
| | B) | Community |
| | C) | Lithosphere |
| | D) | Ecosystem |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
2 | |
The number and abundance of species in a particular community is a measurement of... |
|
| | A) | Complexity |
| | B) | Diversity |
| | C) | The niche |
| | D) | The intrinsic factor |
| | E) | The extrinsic factor |
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3 | |
If resources are not in short supply, ________ would not be expected to occur. |
|
| | A) | Mutualism |
| | B) | Amensalism |
| | C) | Competition |
| | D) | Predation |
| | E) | Parasitism |
|
4 | |
Competitive relationships reduce the fitness of both partners; commensal relationships increase the fitness of both partners. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
5 | |
Due to interspecific competition an animal's ____________ may not be observed in nature. |
|
| | A) | Fundamental niche |
| | B) | Realized niche |
| | C) | Deme |
| | D) | Habitat |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
6 | |
Frogs of the same species live in two ponds that are close, and frogs from each pond do occasionally mate with each other, pond-to-pond. However, they do not interact to a great degree. For this reason they are considered to be members of different... |
|
| | A) | Populations |
| | B) | Communities |
| | C) | Demes |
| | D) | Ecosystems |
| | E) | Habitats |
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7 | |
Density dependent factors are typically biotic and aid in maintaining a population near or at the carrying capacity. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
Frogs of species A are only found in marginal marshy habitats and frogs of species B inhabit the prime habitats. Experimental removal of frog species B showed that the frogs of species A moved into the prime habitats. Therefore, originally, the species A frogs were inhabiting their ___________. |
|
| | A) | Deme |
| | B) | Fundamental niche |
| | C) | Realized niche |
| | D) | Absolute niche |
| | E) | Habitat |
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9 | |
The study of population structure is... |
|
| | A) | Demography |
| | B) | Etymology |
| | C) | Ecology |
| | D) | Helminthology |
| | E) | Entomology |
|
10 | |
Most modular animals reproduce |
|
| | A) | By parthenogenesis |
| | B) | Asexually |
| | C) | Only during estrus |
| | D) | Via internal fertilization |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
11 | |
The survivorship curve of most invertebrates and many "lower" vertebrates such as fish shows... |
|
| | A) | High mortality at early ages |
| | B) | Constant mortality during life |
| | C) | Rapid mortality at later ages |
| | D) | None of the above is correct |
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12 | |
In the equations describing population growth, r indicates the... |
|
| | A) | The intrinsic rate of increase |
| | B) | Carrying capacity |
| | C) | Number in the population |
| | D) | Death rate |
| | E) | Rate of immigration |
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13 | |
Organisms that are potentially prey often are camouflaged, and this is called crypsis. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
14 | |
In the equations describing population growth, K indicates the... |
|
| | A) | Intrinsic rate of increase |
| | B) | Carrying capacity |
| | C) | Number in the population |
| | D) | Death rate |
| | E) | Birth rate |
|
15 | |
Exponential growth may be graphed (time versus population size) in a(n) ____-shaped curve |
|
| | A) | S |
| | B) | K |
| | C) | C |
| | D) | J |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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16 | |
The difference between the logistic and the exponential curves is the inclusion of a limiting factor that takes into account... |
|
| | A) | R |
| | B) | K |
| | C) | t |
| | D) | N |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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17 | |
Fleas and lice are ectoparasites; lampreys and tapeworms are both endoparasites. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
When considering energy budgets, respiration only needs to be added to the energy requirements of animals, not plants. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
Predator-prey and parasite-host relationships are classically considered to be... |
|
| | A) | ++ |
| | B) | + - |
| | C) | - 0 |
| | D) | - - |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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20 | |
A relationship in which past competition has resulted such that one of the species experiences little harm is known as... |
|
| | A) | Commensalism |
| | B) | Amensalism |
| | C) | Mutualism |
| | D) | Parasitism |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
21 | |
Studies of different species of birds that live in forests have shown that to avoid competition, the birds will use the limiting resource in a slightly different way (e.g., foraging at different heights of the trees, or picking up insects of slightly different sizes). This is known as... |
|
| | A) | Niche overlap |
| | B) | (Behavioral) character displacement |
| | C) | Competitive exclusion |
| | D) | Niche adjustment |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
22 | |
Biogeochemical cycles refer to the exchanges between the biotic and abiotic components of various nutrients. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
Birds that divide up similar resources as described in the previous question may be described as belonging to a... |
|
| | A) | Deme |
| | B) | Niche |
| | C) | Guild |
| | D) | Population |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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24 | |
The relationship between predator and prey is best characterized by... |
|
| | A) | Character displacement |
| | B) | Functional niches |
| | C) | Realized niches |
| | D) | Coevolution |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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25 | |
A species that is of utmost importance in a community, such that its absence changes the entire character of the community is called the... |
|
| | A) | Keystone species |
| | B) | Ultimate species |
| | C) | Primary predator |
| | D) | Primary guild |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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26 | |
A ________ links trophic levels and depicts the transfer of energy and materials. |
|
| | A) | Food web |
| | B) | Pyramid of numbers |
| | C) | Pyramid of energy |
| | D) | Pyramid of biomass |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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27 | |
Green plants are known as... |
|
| | A) | Primary producers |
| | B) | Primary consumers |
| | C) | Secondary producers |
| | D) | Tertiary producers |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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28 | |
Decomposers are primarily _________ and fungi. |
|
| | A) | Green plants |
| | B) | Diatoms |
| | C) | Bacteria |
| | D) | Kelp |
| | E) | Viruses |
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29 | |
The total amount of energy fixed by green plants, not including respiratory losses, is known as... |
|
| | A) | Gross productivity |
| | B) | Lost energy |
| | C) | Latent energy |
| | D) | None of the above is correct |
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30 | |
Approximately _______ percent of the energy available at one trophic level is converted into new biomass in the next trophic level. |
|
| | A) | 5 |
| | B) | 10 |
| | C) | 25 |
| | D) | 75 |
| | E) | 100 |
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31 | |
Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction where females give birth to clonal female offspring. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
It would be expected that r would be greater for a human than a bacterium. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
One negative aspect of commensal relationships may be seen if one of the members of the relationship becomes extinct; then the extant species may be negatively affected. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
After analyzing the pyramid of energy, it could be said that it might be most prudent to... |
|
| | A) | Become a vegetarian |
| | B) | Raise your own cows in your backyard |
| | C) | Dig out a fish pond in your backyard |
| | D) | Ignore all recommendations and eat what you want |
| | E) | None of the above sounds prudent |
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35 | |
When analyzing a pyramid of energy, the production of _________ may actually exceed the energy production of herbivores. |
|
| | A) | Decomposers |
| | B) | Zooplankton |
| | C) | Carnivores |
| | D) | Parasites |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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36 | |
There are many exceptions to the classic pyramids, but the pyramid of _________ may never be inverted. |
|
| | A) | Numbers |
| | B) | Biomass |
| | C) | Carnivores |
| | D) | Energy |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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37 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? |
|
| | A) | The largest and most inclusive ecosystem is the lithosphere. |
| | B) | Age structure diagrams can indicate whether a population is increasing, stable, or declining. |
| | C) | Density dependent factors are typically biotic and aid in maintaining a population near or at the carrying capacity. |
| | D) | Density independent factors include catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. |
| | E) | All of the above are correct. |
|
38 | |
Which of the following statements is correct? |
|
| | A) | The physical place where an organism lives is called its niche. |
| | B) | In general terms, a population with a very broad base would be expected to be stable. |
| | C) | The principle of niche overlap states that situations in which two organisms that share identical niches will eventually result in one species completely outcompeting the other species. |
| | D) | Predator and prey populations typically cycle up-and-down. A classic example is that of the lynx and the hare, although recent scientific evidence indicates that this interaction may be more complicated than previously thought. |
| | E) | None of the above is correct. |
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39 | |
The key term associated with competition is a "limited resource." |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
40 | |
A niche in ecological terms refers to organisms that share a common place in the environment, including their shared habitat and feeding habits. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | |
If you find that a number of snakes are all venomous and share a similar coloration, you may hypothesize that this is a form of Mullerian mimicry. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |