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1 | |
By 2020 all of the following will have moved into the top three leading causes of disease burden worldwide EXCEPT |
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| | A) | heart disease. |
| | B) | traffic accidents. |
| | C) | pneumonia. |
| | D) | depression. |
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2 | |
Depression and heart disease are principally |
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| | A) | diseases of rich nations. |
| | B) | actually declining in frequency in rich nations |
| | C) | becoming important causes of death and disability even among poor nations. |
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3 | |
Pathogens |
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| | A) | include all disease-causing organisms. |
| | B) | include only bacteria and viruses. |
| | C) | are all anything causing death and disease including toxic chemicals. |
| | D) | are those disease causing agents for which medicines do not exist. |
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4 | |
According to the EPA the three most important toxic and hazardous substances from the point of view of human and environmental health include |
|
| | A) | arsenic. |
| | B) | lead. |
| | C) | mercury. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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5 | |
Many disease-causing agents have become immune to modern drugs and pesticides because |
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| | A) | a handful of organisms with natural immunity have had a greater chance of surviving and passing on the genes for resistance to future generations than others. |
| | B) | indiscriminant use of drugs and pesticides has accelerated natural selection for resistant strains of pathogens. |
| | C) | pathogens have learned how to cope with the chemicals that formerly were lethal to them. |
| | D) | two of the above. |
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6 | |
Effective measures that can help a person stay healthy include |
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| | A) | washing hands often. |
| | B) | eating plenty of carefully washed fresh fruits and vegetables daily. |
| | C) | cooking foods at temperatures that will kill pathogens. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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7 | |
The chemical responsible for more problems in embryonic development than any other is |
|
| | A) | benzene. |
| | B) | thalidomide. |
| | C) | alcohol. |
| | D) | DDT. |
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8 | |
Chemical substances that modify genetic blueprints (DNA) are called |
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| | A) | neurotoxins. |
| | B) | teratogens. |
| | C) | mutagens. |
| | D) | antigens. |
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9 | |
Risk factors responsible for one in three U.S. children becoming diabetic include |
|
| | A) | excessive eating. |
| | B) | too little exercise. |
| | C) | ethnic origins. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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10 | |
The level of risk above which most people are willing to change their behavior is |
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| | A) | 1 in 100. |
| | B) | 1 in 1000. |
| | C) | 1 in 100,000. |
| | D) | 1 in 10,000,000. |
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11 | |
National health and diet goals include |
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| | A) | eating lots of grains, fruits, and vegetables. |
| | B) | eating a variety of foods. |
| | C) | engaging in physical activity. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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12 | |
Setting standards for environmental toxins is made difficult because |
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| | A) | different people have different degrees of susceptibility. |
| | B) | substances can interact in ways affecting health risks that are difficult to understand. |
| | C) | different settings of exposure can raise or lower risk. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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13 | |
Evidence suggests that children and adults typically have |
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| | A) | the sensitivity to environmental toxins. |
| | B) | different sensitivities, with children's higher. |
| | C) | different sensitivities, with adult's higher. |
| | D) | sensitivities that show no particular trends. |
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14 | |
Some chemicals are much more dangerous when in the presence of certain other chemicals. This is referred to as a/an _________ effect. |
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| | A) | antagonistic |
| | B) | additive |
| | C) | synergistic |
| | D) | bio-accumulative |
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15 | |
Factors that can influence the degree of toxicity of a given chemical include |
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| | A) | time of day of exposure. |
| | B) | the solubility of the substance. |
| | C) | duration and frequency of exposure. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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16 | |
In contrast to acute effects, chronic effects |
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| | A) | are generally lethal. |
| | B) | can result from exposure to a sublethal dose. |
| | C) | produce an immediate health crisis. |
| | D) | are described by all of the above. |
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17 | |
Our perception of the degree of risk associated with exposure to substances is influenced by |
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| | A) | our social or economic interests. |
| | B) | our understanding of probability (or lack thereof). |
| | C) | the nature of news coverage by the media. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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18 | |
______ pose(s) the lowest risk to human welfare of those listed. |
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| | A) | Habitat destruction |
| | B) | Loss of biological diversity through species extinction |
| | C) | Global climate change |
| | D) | Oil spills |
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19 | |
Health is defined as the absence of disease or disability. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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20 | |
Thanks to modern medicines and vaccines, worldwide, infectious disease is no longer a significant cause of death. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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21 | |
Half of the antibiotic prescriptions given to humans in the U.S. are unnecessary or the wrong ones. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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22 | |
Antibiotics excreted by animals can lead to the evolution of human pathogens. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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23 | |
Emergence of ecological diseases is typically associated with human-made changes that upset normal ecological relationships. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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24 | |
The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is an index of the years lost to premature mortality as well as disability. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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25 | |
Crowded conditions are a contributory factor in three of the four most devastating diseases worldwide. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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26 | |
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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27 | |
Toxins that are water soluble move around the environment much more easily than those not soluble in water. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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28 | |
An acute toxic effect is one resulting from continuous exposure to a sub-lethal concentration. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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29 | |
Substances that interrupt normal hormone action, can impact human health in many ways beyond sexual function. |
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| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |