| applied research | research that is directed towards achieving commercial applications.
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| basic research | research that is directed at the growth of scientific knowledge, without any near-term expectations of commercial applications.
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| computer aided design | product design using computer graphics.
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| concurrent engineering | bringing engineering and manufacturing personnel together early in the design phase.
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| delayed differentiation | partially producing the product or service and completing it when the customer's preferences or specifications are known.
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| design for assembly | reducing the number of parts in an assembly as simplifying the assembly methods that will be employed in its manufacture.
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| design for disassembly | making it easier to take apart used products by using fewer parts and snap-fits where possible.
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| design for manufacturing (manufacturability) | designing products with manufacturing capabilities in mind, so as to make them easy to produce, and to make it easy to avoid mistakes.
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| design for operations | taking into account the capabilities of the organization to deliver a particular product or service.
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| design for recycling | designing products to allow for disassembly in order to recover components and materials for reuse.
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| end item | a product sold or delivered to the ultimate user.
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| failure | a product, part, or system does not perform as intended.
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| life cycle | the incubation, growth, maturity, saturation and decline of a product or service.
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| mass customization | producing standardized goods or services, but incorporating some degree of customization into the final product or service.
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| modular design | a form of standardization in which component parts are subdivided into modules that are easily replaced or interchanged.
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| normal operating conditions | the set of conditions under which an item's reliability is specified.
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| product design | all activities connected with bringing a new product to market. See the seven elements of product design in your textbook.
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| product liability | a manufacturer is liable for any injuries or damages caused by a product which is faulty due to poor workmanship, defective parts, or poor design.
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| quality function deployment (QFD) | integrating the "voice of the customer" into product and service design.
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| recycling | recovering parts or material for future use.
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| reliability | the ability of a product or system to perform its intended function under a prescribed set of conditions.
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| remanufacturing | refurbishing used products for resale.
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| research and development (R&D) | organized efforts to increase scientific knowledge or to improve the product or to develop new products.
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| reverse engineering | dismantling another firm's product to learn about its special features.
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| robust design | design that results in products or services that can perform over a broad range of operating conditions.
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| standardization | the absence of variety in a product, process, or service. The extent to which all of the products are similar to each other, or the extent to which every customer receives the same service.
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| Uniform Commercial Code | requires that every product be usable for its intended purposes.
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