| allowance | the difference between normal time and standard time, which consists of planned nonworking time.
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| allowance factor | the proportion of time that the workers are taking breaks, or experiencing delays, etc..
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| ergonomics | the incorporation of human factors in the design of the workplace.
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| flow process chart | a symbolic chart that shows the sequence of operations and tasks performed by an employee in a particular job.
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| job design | assigning tasks and planning the working environment and system for an employee or a group of employees, taking into account the costs and benefits of the alternatives available.
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| job enlargement | giving an employee a greater number of tasks without a corresponding shift to another assignment or a higher level of responsibility.
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| job enrichment | increasing the level of responsibility of an employee as a motivation towards better performance.
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| job rotation | varying assignments among a group of employees by shifting tasks and responsibilities.
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| knowledge-based pay | a pay system used by organizations to reward employees who undergo training that increases their skills.
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| methods analysis | studying the requirements of a job in order to propose new and possibly better ways to perform it.
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| micromotion study | the use of motion pictures and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapidto analyze.
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| motion study | a technique for studying the human motions needed to perform an operation or series of tasks, developed originally by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
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| normal time | the observed time adjusted by a rating factor for the worker's performance or speed in accomplishing the operation..
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| observed time | the average of the measured times for a task.
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| occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | the federal agency that has the responsibility for administering laws relating to employee and workplace safety.
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| output-based (incentive) systems | compensation based on the amount of output which an employee produced during a pay period.
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| performance rating | a factor assigned by an analyst reflecting a judgment as to whether the worker was working rapidly or slowly..
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| random number table | a table of random numbers with many uses; in the context of Chapter 7, it is used to establish random times for making observations in work sampling.
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| Self-directed teams | groups empowered to make certain changes in the work processes.
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| specialization | work that concentrates on some aspect of a product or service.
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| standard elemental times | standard times for jobs or tasks derived from historical data, rather than from current time-study data.
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| standard time | the normal time plus an allowance for breaks, maintenance, etc.
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| stopwatch time study | a widely used method of work measurement, developed by F. W. Taylor, for establishing the standard times for relatively small repetitive tasks.
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| therblig (Gilbreth spelled backward) | an elementary unit of human motion in a motion study: common therbligs are search select, grasp, hold, transport loaded, and release load.
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| time-based compensation systems | systems of compensation based on the amount of clock time an employee works.
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| worker-machine chart | a chart that displays the portions of a work cycle in which the worker and the machine are active or idle.
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| work measurement | see stopwatch time study.
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| work sampling | a statistical technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine sends on various activities or is idle.
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| z-statistic | the unit normal deviate of the standard normal distribution that is used to look up probabilities in the normal probability table.
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