 |  Essentials of Athletic Training, 5/e Daniel Arnheim
William Prentice,
University of North Carolina
The Shoulder Complex
Chapter Overview- For the shoulder complex to have such a great degree of mobility, some compromise in stability had to be made; thus, the shoulder is highly susceptible to injury. Many sport activities that involve repetitive overhead movements place a great deal of stress on the shoulder joint.
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Four major articulations are associated with the shoulder complex: the sternoclavicular joint and ligament, the acromioclavicular joint and ligament, the glenohumeral joint and ligament, and the scapulothoracic joint.
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The muscles acting on the shoulder joint consist of those that originate on the axial skeleton and attach to the humerus, those that originate on the scapula and attach to the humerus, and a third group that attaches the axial skeleton to the scapula.
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When evaluating injuries to the shoulder complex, the coach must take into consideration all four joints. A number of special tests can provide insight relative to the nature of a particular injury.
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Fractures may occur to the clavicle or humerus, whereas sprains may occur at the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, or glenohumeral joints.
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Shoulder dislocations are relatively common, with an anterior dislocation the most likely to occur. After a dislocation has been reduced and immobilized, muscle reconditioning should be initiated as soon as possible.
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Shoulder impingement most often occurs in athletes involved with overhead activities. Shoulder impingement involves a mechanical compression of the supraspinatus tendon, the subacromial bursa, and the long head of the biceps tendon under the coracoacromial ligament.
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A number of injuries, including rotator cuff strain, bursitis, contusions, and biceps tenosynovitis, are all common injuries to the shoulder complex in athletes.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education