Chapter Summary

After reading Chapter 21, you should be able to:

• Discuss Marx and the Communist Manifesto.

• Identify all the works and define the terms in the chapter.

• Describe the cultural and political context of Realism.

• Describe the transition from Romanticism to Realism.

• Compare Realist with Romantic literature.

• Compare Realist with Romantic art.

• Describe the process of lithography.

• Compare the satire of Daumier with that of Hogarth.

• Trace the development of photography and discuss the quarrel over its status as an art.

• Compare the Pre-Raphaelites with the French and American Realists.

• Explain the effect of Manet's Realist paintings on the French public.

• Describe the new developments in architecture and explain their relation to Realism.