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Understand the properties of ideal amplifiers and the concepts of gain, input impedance, and output impedance. Ideal amplifiers represent fundamental building blocks of electronic instrumentation. With the concept of an ideal amplifier clearly established, one can design practical amplifiers, filters, integrators, and many other signal processing circuits. A practical op-amp closely approximates the characteristics of ideal amplifiers. |
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Understand the difference between open-loop and closed-loop op-amp configuration; and compute the gain (or complete the design of) simple inverting, noninverting, summing, and differential amplifiers using ideal op-amp analysis. Analyze more advanced op-amp circuits, using ideal op-amp analysis, and identify important performance parameters in op-amp data sheets. Analysis of op-amp circuits is made easy by a few simplifying assumptions, which are based on the op-amp having a very large input resistance, a very small output resistance, and a large open-loop gain. The simple inverting and noninverting amplifier configurations permit the design of very useful circuits simply by appropriately selecting and placing a few resistors. |
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Analyze and design simple active filters. Analyze and design ideal integrator and differentiator circuits. The use of capacitors in op-amp circuits extends the applications of this useful element to include filtering, integration, and differentiation. |
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Understand the structure and behavior of analog computers, and design analog computer circuits to solve simple differential equations. The properties of op-amp summing amplifiers and integrators make it possible to construct analog computers that can serve as an aid in the solution of differential equations and in the simulation of dynamic systems. While digital computer-based numerical simulations have become very popular in the last two decades, there is still a role for analog computers in some specialized applications. |
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Understand the principal physical limitations of an op-amp. It is important to understand that there are limitations in the performance of op-amp circuits that are not predicted by the simple op-amp models presented in the early sections of the chapter. In practical designs, issues related to voltage supply limits, bandwidth limits, offsets, slew rate limits, and output current limits are very important if one is to achieve the design performance of an op-amp circuit. |