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The Cardiovascular System


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Red blood cells are seen in an arteriole (top right)
and a venule (bottom left).
Capillaries are in the center of the micrograph.

12.1 Anatomy of the Heart
(See page(s) 225)

Describe the location of the heart and its functions.

Describe the wall and coverings of the heart.

Trace the path of blood through the heart, naming its chambers and valves. Describe the operation of the heart valves.

Describe the coronary circulation, and discuss several coronary circulation disorders and possible treatments.

12.2 Physiology of the Heart
(See page(s) 230)

Describe the conduction system of the heart.

Label and explain a normal electrocardiogram.

Describe the cardiac cycle and the heart sounds.

Describe the cardiac output and regulation of the heartbeat.

12.3 Anatomy of Blood Vessels
(See page(s) 234)

Name the three types of blood vessels, and describe their structure and function.

12.4 Physiology of Circulation
(See page(s) 236)

Explain how blood pressure changes throughout the vascular system, and describe the factors that determine blood pressure.

Describe how blood pressure is regulated.

Define pulse, and tell where the pulse may be taken.

Describe shock due to hypotension and various medical consequences of hypertension.

12.5 Circulatory Routes
(See page(s) 242)

Name the two circuits of the cardiovascular system, and trace the path of blood from the heart to any organ in the body and back to the heart.

Describe the major systemic arteries and the major systemic veins.

Describe several special circulations: blood supply to the liver, blood supply to the brain, and fetal circulation.

12.6 Effects of Aging
(See page(s) 248)

Describe the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the cardiovascular system as we age.

12.7 Homeostasis
(See page(s) 248)

Describe how the cardiovascular system works with other systems of the body to maintain homeostasis.






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