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The Urinary System and Excretion


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This artificially colored radiograph of the urinary system
shows the kidneys (green). Urine passes
from the renal pelvis (red) of each kidney
into a ureter (also red).

16.1 Urinary System
(See page(s) 324)

List and discuss the functions of the urinary system.

Name and describe the structure and function of each organ in the urinary system.

Describe how urination is controlled.

16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney
(See page(s) 326)

Describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the kidney.

State the parts of a kidney nephron, and relate them to the gross anatomy of the kidney.

Describe the three steps in urine formation, and relate them to the parts of a nephron.

16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys
(See page(s) 330)

Describe how the kidneys help maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance of blood.

Name and explain how three hormones--aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone--work together to maintain blood volume and pressure.

Describe three mechanisms, including how the kidneys function, to maintain the acid-base balance of blood.

16.4 Problems with Kidney Function
(See page(s) 334)

State, in general, the normal composition of urine and the benefits of doing a urinalysis.

Discuss the need for hemodialysis and how hemodialysis functions to bring about the normal composition of urine.

16.5 Effects of Aging
(See page(s) 336)

Describe the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the urinary system as we age.

16.6 Homeostasis
(See page(s) 336)

Describe how the urinary system works with other systems of the body to maintain homeostasis.






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