| agriculture | Nonindustrial systems of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor.
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| balanced reciprocity | Refers to reciprocal exchanges in which the giver expects something in return at the time of exchange or at some time in the future. This kind of reciprocity exists between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household, like a cousin, trading partner, or fictive kinsmen.
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| band | Basic unit of social organization among foragers. A band includes fewer than 100 people; it often splits up seasonally.
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| correlation | An association between two or more variables such that when one changes (varies), the other(s) also change(s) (covaries).
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| economizing | The rational allocation of scarce means (or resources) to alternative ends (or uses); often considered the subject matter of economics.
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| economy | A population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources.
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| generalized reciprocity | Refers to reciprocal exchanges in which someone gives to another person and expects nothing concrete or immediate in return. Such exchanges are primarily expressions of personal relationships and take place between members of the same household.
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| horticulture | Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time.
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| market principle | Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand.
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| means (or factors) of production | Land, labor, technology, and capital--major productive resources.
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| mode of production | Way of organizing production--a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge.
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| negative reciprocity | Refers to reciprocal exchanges in which the giver expects something immediate and concrete in return at the time of exchange. This kind of reciprocal exchange take place between people outside or on the fringes of their social systems. Each participant in the exchange is trying to get the best possible immediate return for their investment (gift).
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| nomadism, pastoral | Movement throughout the year by the whole pastoral group (men, women, and children) with their animals; more generally, such constant movement in pursuit of strategic resources.
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| pastoralists | People who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on care of herds of domesticated animals.
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| peasant | Small-scale agriculturalist living in a state with rent fund obligations.
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| potlatch | Competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific Coast of North America.
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| reciprocity | One of the three principles of exchange; governs exchange between social equals; primary kind of exchange in band and tribal societies.
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| redistribution | Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies.
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| symbiosis | An obligatory interaction between groups that is beneficial to each.
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| transhumance | One of two variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages.
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