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Teaching Children Science Book Cover
Teaching Children Science: A Project-Based Approach, 2/e
Joe Krajcik, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
Charlene Czerniak, University of Toledo
Carl Berger, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

How Do I Develop and Use Benchmark Lessons?

Definitions

5-e model  An instructional model that has five stages-engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, and evaluation.
analogy  A comparison between seemingly unlike things points out a similarity between them, and thus infers that they might be alike in other ways as well.
analyze  To examine a concept or process in detail to better learn more about it.
apply  To develop solutions to familiar or new problems.
benchmark lessons  Teacher-directed classroom activities that present concepts, principles, or skills that students need in order to understand the work of a project.
children's literature  Books or other publications intended for a children's audience.
concept  An idea or central principle.
concept maps  Visual representations of the relationships among concepts.
conceptual knowledge  Knowledge of interrelationships, principles, theories, and models.
convergent  To come from different directions and reach the same conclusion.
create  Produce something; imagine.
cross-links  Links that show the interrelationships among the concepts included on the map.
demonstration  Show or display how something works.
discrepant event  An event that goes against what students expect and thus provides an open-ended question to stimulate student thought.
divergent  Distinctly separate or increasingly different ideas.
elaboration  A stage in the 5-E model where students can gain a deeper understanding of the concept by engaging in additional activities related to the concept.
engagement  A stage in the 5-E model where students develop understanding about a concept by engaging in concrete experiences with materials.
evaluate  To judge or assess.
evaluation  A stage in the 5-E model where students' learning is assessed.
explanation  A stage in the 5-E model where the teacher introduces formal vocabulary or students verbalize understanding about the explorations in which they have been involved.
exploration  A stage in the 5-E model where students develop understanding about a concept by engaging in concrete experiences with materials.
explore  Make an investigation.
factual knowledge  Knowledge of facts and details.
feedback  Comments to provide useful information.
hierarchical  To arrange in a ranked order.
higher order  Thinking that requires in-depth analysis or detailed thinking.
interrelationships  Relationships between or among things.
invent  To think up or make something new.
investigation centers  Areas of a room set up for students to conduct investigations on their own.
KWL strategy  A method where students are asked to tell what they know about a topic (K), want to know about a topic (W), and have learned about a topic (L).
learning cycle model  A three-stage instructional model developed by Robert Karplus-explore, invent, and apply.
learning performances  Specification related to what achievement we expect of the students.
lesson plan  The design of a lesson outlining what will be done.
lines  A mark indicating a path.
linking words  Words written on the line of a concept map that explain or define the relationship between concepts.
listening  To pay attention to what someone is saying.
lower order  Thinking that requires little analysis or detailed thinking.
metacognitive knowledge  Self knowledge or knowledge of one's own cognition.
metaphor  A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, making an implicit comparison between the two.
model thinking  To tell out loud what one is thinking in his or her head.
multiple intelligences  Many types of intelligences (verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, musical/rhythmic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist).
network  A series of connections or branches.
observing  Seeing or noticing.
primary-source material  References or resource materials that are original or first sources of information.
probing  To thoroughly examine.
procedural knowledge  Knowledge that allows people to know how to do something, conduct an inquiry, or use a skill.
proposition  Single relationship between two concepts on a concept map.
questioning  Asking questions.
redirecting  To take a question or a response to a question and ask a second person to respond to the question or response.
remember  To recall something from memory.
role-playing  To pretend you are in a different situation or are a different person; to act out a situation.
simile  A type of metaphor; makes a comparison between two things using the words like or as.
subordinate  A lower rank or secondary importance.
superordinate  A higher rank or primary importance.
understand  To comprehend or be aware of.
wait-time  Three to five seconds a teacher waits after asking a question before calling on a student.