| analytic rubrics | A scoring guide that measures artifacts, performances, or portfolios in a quantitative manner by assigning (or taking away) points for specific traits, dimensions, or criteria that are present (or missing).
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| anecdotal records | Written notes that describe student behaviors made at or near the time that the behaviors occurred.
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| artifacts | Products that illustrate what one has learned.
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| assessment | Any method used to judge or evaluate an outcome or help make a decision.
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| attestations | Testimonials about a student's work prepared by someone other than the student, such as the teacher, a parent, or a peer.
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| checklists | A list of items for consideration.
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| clinical interviews | Classroom interviews with students.
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| concept mapping | The process of making visual representations of the relationships among concepts.
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| content knowledge | The central concepts, principles, and theories in an area of study.
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| criterion-referenced tests | Tests that grade all students according to a single set of preestablished standards.
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| discussions | Talk between or among members of the class and teacher.
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| drawing | A picture of something made with pencil, pen, markers, etc.
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| essay | A short written assignment where students explain or interpret something.
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| formal interviews | Structured interviews.
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| grading | An interpretation or judgment made from data collected and recorded, thus an extension to evaluation.
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| holistic rubrics | Rubrics that measure the overall quality of an artifact, performance, or portfolio.
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| informal interviews | Less formal interviews that resemble teacher-student discussions.
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| journals | Recordings of personal events, experiences, and reflections.
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| matching | Test items that require students to correspond premises made in one column with responses in another column.
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| metacognitive knowledge | Having knowledge about cognition in general, as well as awareness and knowledge about her own cognition.
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| multimedia documents | Documents that combine writing, illustrations, photographs, videos, audiotapes, computer applications, and other media.
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| multiple choice | Test items that include a stem and various options.
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| music | Sound from voices or musical instruments.
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| observation | Watching someone or something carefully.
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| open-ended questions | Questions structured so that students can fill in their own answer.
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| peer assessment | Assessment of student progress made by other students.
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| performance-based assessment | Methods of directly examining students' knowledge, skills, and dispositions.
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| portfolio assessment | A process of collecting representative samples of students' work over time for purposes of documenting and assessing their learning.
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| portfolios | Collections of student artifacts; can be thought of as both objects and methods of assessment. As objects, they are a place for holding materials such as papers, photographs, or drawings that are representative of students' work and progress. As methods of assessment, portfolios provide ways for teachers to continuously collect and assess student work.
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| probing | To thoroughly examine.
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| product | A book, a physical model of some kind, or a working apparatus that a student makes to demonstrate what she has learned.
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| productions | Documents (such items as goal statements, personal reflections, captions, and descriptions of what the items in the portfolio represent that help explain the contents of a portfolio.
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| redirecting | To take a question or a response to a question and ask a second person to respond to the question or response.
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| reflective | To think about the design of one's practice-such as curriculum and instruction, and ways to revise and adapt lessons.
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| reliability | How consistently a test measures a student's performance.
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| reproductions | Documents (such as photographs of projects, videos of projects, or audiotapes of presentations) attesting to the learning process-not the actual items produced.
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| scoring rubric | A brief, written description of different levels of quality for student performance that allow one to rank or rate a level of performance.
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| selection | Techniques requiring students to select a response from choices provided on the test.
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| self-assessment | To judge one's own progress.
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| self-monitoring | Checking on one's self.
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| short answer | Test items that present a problem to a student that requires them to answer with (supply) a short response.
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| supply | Techniques requiring a student to construct a response to a question or problem.
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| test anxiety | Nervousness or fear of taking tests.
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| true and false | Test items that require a student to classify an item as true or false, correct or incorrect, or yes or no.
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| validity | Fair and accurate generalizations.
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| video | Something that has been recorded on videotape, CD, DVD, cassette, or other broadcasting medium.
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| wait-time | Three to five seconds a teacher waits after asking a question before calling on a student.
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| writing samples | Collection of a student's written work (poems, essays, stories, etc.).
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education