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1 | |
According to the encapsulation model of Hoyer, cognitive development: |
| | A) | is asynchronous and elastic. |
| | B) | progresses through a series of five universal stages. |
| | C) | declines during old age as a result of the same processes driving development in childhood. |
| | D) | during old age is emphasized more than during middle age. |
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2 | |
What have researchers found regarding the effectiveness of younger, middle-aged, and older adults in solving everyday problems? |
| | A) | Younger adults are more effective than middle-aged and older adults. |
| | B) | Younger adults are more effective than older adults, but equal to middle-aged adults. |
| | C) | Older adults have always been shown to be better problem solvers than the other age groups. |
| | D) | No age group has consistently outperformed the other age groups. |
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3 | |
Kate and Emily love Grandma Joyce's stories. She relates fairy tales and other stories in such a way that they carry a strong message about life and its meaning. The ability to interpret stories in terms of personal and psychological meaning is an example of: |
| | A) | inductive reasoning. |
| | B) | creativity. |
| | C) | integrative thought. |
| | D) | encapsulation. |
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4 | |
In a study of college students, Perry found that undergraduates' thinking progressed from an initial stage of _______ to a final stage of _______. |
| | A) | commitment; rigidity |
| | B) | rigidity; multiplicity |
| | C) | rigidity; commitment within relativism |
| | D) | multiplicity; commitment within relativism |
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5 | |
Necessary subjectivity is: |
| | A) | the recognition that reality is partly a function of who is interpreting a given situation. |
| | B) | the state of reasoning where one believes everything is subjective. |
| | C) | the characteristic of postformal thinking research studies that has led critics to doubt the results. |
| | D) | a type of thinking that cannot be accounted for by existing theories of adult cognitive development. |
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6 | |
Which of the following is NOT a criterion of postformal thought as defined by Sinnott? |
| | A) | Pragmatism |
| | B) | Multiple causality, multiple solutions |
| | C) | Necessary subjectivity |
| | D) | Awareness of paradox |
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7 | |
Which of the following correctly lists Schaie's five stages of cognitive development? |
| | A) | acquiring, achieving, responsible, postformal, reintegrative |
| | B) | acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, reintegrative |
| | C) | inquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, reorganization |
| | D) | acquisitive, accepting, responsive, executive, integrative |
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8 | |
One criticism of the psychometric approach to assessing cognitive development in adults is that the tests: |
| | A) | developed for children may be inappropriate for use with adults. |
| | B) | lack ecological validity. |
| | C) | measure only one aspect of cognitive competence. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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9 | |
According to Sternberg, creative people are like ___________; they decide what to do and make up new ways of doing things. |
| | A) | kings |
| | B) | executives |
| | C) | legislators |
| | D) | judges |
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10 | |
According to Meacham, wise people balance their acquisition of knowledge with: |
| | A) | meditation and reflection. |
| | B) | a recognition of its inherent fallibility. |
| | C) | spiritual states of consciousness. |
| | D) | morality. |
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11 | |
Achenbaum and Orwoll propose that wisdom has three components: |
| | A) | intrapersonal wisdom, interpersonal wisdom, transpersonal wisdom |
| | B) | personal wisdom, interpersonal wisdom, transcendent wisdom |
| | C) | wisdom of self, wisdom of the world, wisdom of higher states of being |
| | D) | None of the above |
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12 | |
According to the textbook, Kohlberg's theory emphasizes _______; Gilligan's model emphasizes _______. |
| | A) | justice; care |
| | B) | care; justice |
| | C) | justice; autonomy |
| | D) | empathy; care |
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13 | |
When presented with "Heinz's dilemma," Ann states that the man should steal the medicine because nobody should be intentionally hurt by such a cold adherence to rules. Although such an action will have legal consequences, they will be minimal compared to the ethical violation that would occur if the wife were allowed to die, she reasons. According to Gilligan's theory, which stage of moral reasoning has Ann achieved? |
| | A) | Level 1 (orientation of individual survival) |
| | B) | Level 2 (goodness as self-sacrifice) |
| | C) | Transition 2 (from goodness to truth) |
| | D) | Level 3 (morality of nonviolence) |
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14 | |
For Labouvie-Vief, wisdom is a synthesis of reason with emotion, or subjective experience, and appears to peak in: |
| | A) | middle age |
| | B) | late adulthood |
| | C) | middle age for women; late adulthood for men |
| | D) | None of the above |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education