| affirmative rule | When a concept is defined by the rule that a particular attribute defines the concept.
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| algorithm | A precise set of rules to solve a particular problem.
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| attribute | A feature of an object or event that varies from one instance to another.
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| availability strategy | A heuristic where problems are solved based only on the information that can be readily remembered.
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| bound morpheme | A morpheme that must be attached to a free morpheme to have meaning.
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| clause | a groups of words contains a noun phrase and a verb phrase
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| concept | A symbol that represents a class of objects or events with common characteristics.
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| conjunctive rule | The simultaneous presence of two or more attributes that define a concept.
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| deep structure | The meaning or idea conveyed by a sentence.
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| disjunctive rule | When the concept is defined by the rule that the concept can possess either or both of two attributes.
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| family resemblance | Occurs when an object or event shares many attributes with other members of the concept.
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| free morpheme | A morpheme that can stand alone and still have meaning.
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| functional fixedness | Difficulty recognizing novel uses for an object.
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| goal state | The desired end point of a problem.
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| grammar | The rules that define the ways words can be combined into meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentences.
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| heuristic | A "best guess" solution to problem solving.
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| ill-defined problem | A problem with no clear starting or goal state.
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| initial state | the starting point of a problem
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| insight | A sudden realization of how to solve a problem.
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| language | A system of words and word meanings, and a set of rules for combining the words.
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| language acquisition device (LAD) | Chomsky's idea of an innate mechanism that allows children to grasp the syntax of their language with minimal experience.
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| matching to sample | a procedure where subjects first are exposed to a stimulus and later must select the initial stimulus and not a second stimulus
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| means-end analysis | Breaking a particular problem into a series of solvable subproblems.
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| morpheme | The smallest meaningful amount of language.
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| negative rule | A concept is defined by the rule that any object or event having a certain attribute is not a member of the concept.
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| phoneme | The simplest functional speech sound.
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| phonology | The rules that dictate how phonemes can be combined into morphemes.
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| phrase | A group of two or more related words that expresses a single thought.
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| phrase-structure grammar | The analysis of the constituent elements of a sentence.
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| problem | An obstacle that prevents the attainment of a desired goal.
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| prototype | The object that has the greatest number of attributes characteristic of the concept and that is therefore the most typical member of that concept.
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| representativeness strategy |
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| rule | A rule defines the objects or events that are examples of a particular concept.
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| semantics | The meaning of language.
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| sentence | Two or more phrases that convey an assertion, question, command, wish, or exclamation.
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| set | The tendency to use an established method for solving problems.
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| surface structure (of a sentence) | The arrangement of the words in a sentence.
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| syntax | The system of rules for combining the various units of speech.
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| well-defined problem | A problem with clear initial and goal states.
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| working-backward heuristic | A technique for finding the solution to a problem by starting with the end point and working back to the start point.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education