| compound schedule | A complex contingency where two or more schedules of reinforcement are combined.
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| contingency | The specified relationship between a specific behavior and reinforcement.
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| contingency management | The use of contingent reinforcement and nonreinforcement to increase the frequency of appropriate behavior and eliminate inappropriate behaviors.
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| depression effect | An effect in which a shift from high to low reward magnitude produces a lower level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been low.
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| differential reinforcement of high responding (DRH) schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific high number of responses must occur with a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur.
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| differential reinforcement of low responding (DRL) schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which a certain amount of time must elapse without responding, with reinforcement following the first response after the interval.
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| differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) | A schedule of reinforcement in which the absence of a specific response within a specified time leads to reinforcement.
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| differential reinforcement schedule | A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of behaviors must occur within a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur.
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| elation effect | An effect in which a shift from low to high reward magnitude produces a greater level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been high.
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| extinction | The elimination or suppression of a response caused by the discontinuation of reinforcement or the removal of the unconditioned stimulus.
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| fixed-interval schedule (FI) | A contingency in which reinforcement is available only after a specified period of time, and the first response emitted after the interval has elapsed is reinforced.
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| fixed-ratio schedule (FR) | A contingency in which a specific number of responses is needed to produce reinforcement.
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| instrumental conditioning procedure | A conditioning procedure in which the environment constrains the opportunity for reward and a specific behavior can obtain reward.
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| interval schedule of reinforcement | A contingency that specifies that reinforcement becomes available at a certain period of time after the last reinforcement.
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| negative contrast effect | An effect in which a shift from high to low reward magnitude produces a lower level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been low.
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| negative reinforcer | The termination of an aversive event, which reinforces the behavior that terminated the aversive event.
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| operant chamber | An apparatus that creates an enclosed environment, used for the study of operant behavior within it.
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| operant conditioning | When a specific response produces reinforcement, and the frequency of the response determines the amount of reinforcement obtained.
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| partial reinforcement effect (PRE) | The greater resistance to extinction of an instrumental or operant response following intermittent rather than continuous reinforcement during acquisition.
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| positive contrast effect | An effect in which a shift from low to high reward magnitude produces a greater level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been high.
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| positive reinforcer | An event whose occurrence increases the frequency of the behavior that precedes it.
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| postreinforcement pause | A cessation of behavior following reinforcement on a ratio schedule, which is followed by resumption of responding at the intensity characteristic of that ratio schedule.
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| primary reinforcer | An activity whose reinforcing properties are innate.
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| ratio schedule of reinforcement | A contingency that specifies that a certain number of behaviors are necessary to produce reinforcement.
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| reinforcer | An event (or termination of an event) that increases the frequency of the behavior that preceded it.
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| scallop effect | A pattern of behavior characteristic of a fixed-interval schedule, where responding stops after reinforcement and then slowly increases as the time approaches when reinforcement will be available.
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| schedule of reinforcement | A contingency that specifies how often or when we must act to receive reinforcement.
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| secondary reinforcer | An activity that has developed its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcers.
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| shaping | A technique of acquiring a desired behavior by first selecting a highly occurring operant behavior, then slowly changing the contingency until the desired behavior is learned.
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| spontaneous recovery | The return of a CR when an interval intervenes between extinction and testing without additional CS-UCS pairings, or when the instrumental or operant response returns without additional reinforced experience.
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| successive approximation procedure | A technique for acquiring a desired behavior by first selecting a behavior with a high operant rate, then slowly changing the contingency until the desired behavior is learned.
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| variable-interval schedule (VI) | A contingency in which there is an average interval of time between available reinforcements, but the interval varies from one reinforcement to the next contingency.
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| variable-ratio schedule (VR) | A contingency in which an average number of behaviors produces reinforcement, but the actual number of responses required to produce reinforcement varies over the course of training.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education