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1 | |
The majority of subpoenas to reporters: |
| | A) | Are to broadcast, rather than print, reporters. |
| | B) | Involve criminal, rather than civil, litigation. |
| | C) | Are complied with by the press. |
| | D) | Seek nonconfidential information. |
| | E) | All of the above are correct. |
| | F) | Only A and B are correct. |
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2 | |
The qualified privilege to keep sources or information confidential: |
| | A) | Is available to all citizens where it is available to the press. |
| | B) | Is normally available only to doctors, attorneys and priests. |
| | C) | Is standardized among the 50 states. |
| | D) | Each of the above is correct. |
| | E) | None of the above is correct. |
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3 | |
Journalists usually ground their rationale for refusing to reveal confidential sources on: |
| | A) | Their right to be free of government harassment. |
| | B) | The practicality of losing sources. |
| | C) | The desire to avoid civil damages. |
| | D) | A and B are correct. |
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4 | |
The use of promissory estoppel and the ultimate decision in Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. (1990) is: |
| | A) | Based on the doctrine that a promise, like a contract, is always binding. |
| | B) | Based on the doctrine that a promise that someone else relies on must be enforced. |
| | C) | Based on the fact that a promise is not binding if conditions change. |
| | D) | Contingent on whether information is legally obtained and truthful. |
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5 | |
Most lower courts consider the Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) ruling: |
| | A) | A very narrow decision focused only on grand juries. |
| | B) | No longer applicable to any official request for information. |
| | C) | Applicable only to federal law-enforcement, not state law-enforcement, information requests. |
| | D) | A broad and useful rule for all types of subpoenas for information. |
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6 | |
Reporters ordered to reveal names in arenas outside of the grand jury: |
| | A) | Are bound by the Branzburg v. Hayes case. |
| | B) | Have received some First Amendment protection in 10 of 12 U.S. courts of appeal. |
| | C) | Have received broad protection from the U.S. Supreme Court. |
| | D) | None of the above is correct. |
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7 | |
In civil cases in which reporters have refused to reveal their sources, they have successfully found a qualified privilege at times in: |
| | A) | Common law. |
| | B) | State statutes. |
| | C) | The Constitution. |
| | D) | All of the above are correct. |
| | E) | None of the above is correct. |
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8 | |
In Downing v. Monitor Publishing (1980) and Sierra Life v. Magic Valley Newspapers (1980), reporters refused to reveal their sources for libelous stories and the judges: |
| | A) | Sent the reporters to jail for contempt. |
| | B) | Instructed the jury to assume that no source existed. |
| | C) | Fined the newspapers for delaying the trials. |
| | D) | Asked the reporters to prove that the stories were true. |
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9 | |
In Gonzales v. National Broadcasting Co. (1998) and U.S. v. Smith (1998), the 2nd and 5th Circuits U.S. Courts of Appeals: |
| | A) | Required reporters to testify about nonconfidential information. |
| | B) | Did not require reporters to testify about nonconfidential information. |
| | C) | Disagreed on whether reporters must testify about nonconfidential information. |
| | D) | Refused to rule and are awaiting guidance from the U.S. Supreme Court. |
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10 | |
Where shield laws exist: |
| | A) | They have been very effective in reducing the number of subpoenas issued. |
| | B) | They have proven to be a greater protection for journalists than constitutional privilege. |
| | C) | They have had little effect in reducing the number of subpoenas issued. |
| | D) | B and C are each correct. |
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11 | |
In Zurcher v. Stanford Daily (1978), the U.S. Supreme Court said innocent third-party searches are: |
| | A) | A violation of the First Amendment. |
| | B) | A violation of the Fourth Amendment. |
| | C) | A violation of both the First and Fourth Amendments. |
| | D) | A Fourth Amendment issue that does not involve the First Amendment and does not violate the Fourth Amendment. |
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12 | |
The power of contempt may be used to: |
| | A) | Protect the rights of participants in court cases. |
| | B) | Vindicate the authority of the court. |
| | C) | A and B. |
| | D) | Neither A nor B. |
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13 | |
In U.S. v. Dickinson (1972), the 5th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals said: |
| | A) | Reporters don't have to follow court orders that seem clearly unconstitutional. |
| | B) | Reporters and other citizens don't have to follow court orders that seem clearly unconstitutional. |
| | C) | Reporters like other citizens must obey court orders, although they may appeal an order that seems unconstitutional. |
| | D) | Each jurisdiction can decide whether citizens have to follow court orders that seem clearly unconstitutional. |
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14 | |
Journalists are likely to face contempt charges when they: |
| | A) | Don't pay a libel judgment. |
| | B) | Fail to obey a court order. |
| | C) | Write a critical commentary about the court. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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15 | |
The 1964 civil rights law requires a jury trial for: |
| | A) | All contempt sentences. |
| | B) | Contempt sentences of more than 30 days. |
| | C) | Contempt sentences of more than 45 days. |
| | D) | Contempt sentences on the press. |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education