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1 | |
The story of Latonya and Ramona noted that the World Health Organization (WHO) has, for the last two decades, been trying to encourage mothers in impoverished countries to: |
| | A) | bottle-feed their babies, because the formula they are provided will ensure the children get the proper nutrients. |
| | B) | bottle-feed their babies, because it will reduce the mothers' risks of breast and ovarian cancer. |
| | C) | breast-feed their babies, because the quality of the bottle-milk formula provided to hospitals is inconsistent. |
| | D) | breast-feed their babies, because the mothers' milk is safer and more nutritious. |
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2 | |
While lying on his back in his crib, Luis sees the mobile above his head and tries to grab at it with his hands, even though he can't reach it, long before he is able to raise himself up to reach it. This demonstrates the basic pattern of _____________ development. |
| | A) | cephalocaudal |
| | B) | proximodistal |
| | C) | encephalic |
| | D) | primary |
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3 | |
The proximodistal progression pattern is seen in children's: |
| | A) | drawings, which are first done using the entire arm and eventually using only the wrist and fingers. |
| | B) | toileting behavior, which proceeds from urine control to bowel control. |
| | C) | head size, which originally comprises about one-fourth of the body, and eventually only one-eighth of the body. |
| | D) | memory, which proceeds from sensory store to short-term to long-term store. |
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4 | |
Which statement MOST accurately describes height and weight changes during infancy? |
| | A) | Both increase more rapidly during the second year than during the first year. |
| | B) | Girls increase in height and weight faster than boys do during infancy. |
| | C) | The sexes grow at the same rate during infancy. |
| | D) | Both height and weight increase more rapidly during the first year than during the second year. |
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5 | |
Scientists have identified all of the following processes in the development of neurons, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | cell production. |
| | B) | cell migration. |
| | C) | cell destruction. |
| | D) | cell elaboration. |
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6 | |
The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which protects nerve cells and helps nerve impulses travel faster, is referred to as: |
| | A) | neuronal growth. |
| | B) | myelination. |
| | C) | lipidation. |
| | D) | insulation. |
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7 | |
Charles Nelson is making strides in finding out more about the brain's development in infancy by using: |
| | A) | PET scans. |
| | B) | MRIs. |
| | C) | electrodes. |
| | D) | CT scans. |
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8 | |
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is involved in voluntary movement and thinking? |
| | A) | frontal |
| | B) | occipital |
| | C) | temporal |
| | D) | parietal |
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9 | |
Research on language processing in the brain has found that: |
| | A) | virtually all language processing is carried out in the left hemisphere. |
| | B) | virtually all language processing is carried out in the right hemisphere. |
| | C) | in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres. |
| | D) | in normal people, tasks involving logical thinking are carried out in the left hemisphere and those involving creative thinking occur in the right hemisphere. |
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10 | |
Which five-year-old child is most likely to exhibit depressed brain activity? |
| | A) | Olga, who lives in relative isolation in a Romanian orphanage. |
| | B) | Tzvi, who spends most of his time, including night time, among his age peers on an Israeli kibbutz. |
| | C) | Sara, whose mother is on medication for bipolar disorder |
| | D) | Angel, who lives on welfare with his mother and participates in a Head Start program. |
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11 | |
Neuroscientists believe that _________ wires the brain. |
| | A) | genetic heritage |
| | B) | repeated experience |
| | C) | constant stimulation |
| | D) | a delicate balance of proteins and amino acids |
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12 | |
Before birth, it appears that: |
| | A) | the brain is fully "wired" and ready for action. |
| | B) | intrauterine experiences preprogram the brain's development. |
| | C) | extrauterine experiences preprogram the brain's development. |
| | D) | genes mainly direct how the brain establishes basic wiring patterns. |
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13 | |
As a typical infant, Jermaine spends most of his time: |
| | A) | sleeping. |
| | B) | crying |
| | C) | eating. |
| | D) | playing. |
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14 | |
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that infant sleep patterns around the world: |
| | A) | are the same. |
| | B) | differ for each culture. |
| | C) | may relate to father-child interaction. |
| | D) | have been steadily changing as humans evolve. |
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15 | |
Sleep researchers have found that: |
| | A) | infants and adults exhibit similar patterns of REM sleep. |
| | B) | infants engage in more REM sleep than adults. |
| | C) | adults engage in more REM sleep than infants. |
| | D) | adults enter REM sleep earlier in the sleep cycle than infants do. |
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16 | |
All of the following were conclusions stated in the text about shared sleeping (infants sleeping in the same bed as their mothers), EXCEPT: |
| | A) | some experts believe shared sleeping is beneficial to infants. |
| | B) | the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS recommends against shared sleeping. |
| | C) | the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS believes that bed sharing might lead to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). |
| | D) | cross-cultural studies have found shared sleeping to be a much more common arrangement for mothers and newborns than having the infants sleep in their own beds. |
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17 | |
Since 1992, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began recommending that infants sleep __________, the frequency of SIDS has decreased. |
| | A) | on their stomachs |
| | B) | on their backs |
| | C) | on their sides |
| | D) | with their mothers |
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18 | |
As a normal six-month-old infant, Amber requires how many calories per day for each pound she weighs? |
| | A) | 25 |
| | B) | 50 |
| | C) | 75 |
| | D) | 100 |
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19 | |
All of the following are benefits of breast-feeding over bottle-feeding, EXCEPT that with breast-feeding the child: |
| | A) | will develop fewer allergies. |
| | B) | is more likely to have better visual acuity. |
| | C) | is less likely to experience psychological difficulties. |
| | D) | is at lower risk for SIDS. |
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20 | |
Nonindustrialized countries, such as Afghanistan, Haiti, Ghana, and Chile, have documented: |
| | A) | the death rate of bottle-fed babies is up to five times greater than that of breast-fed babies. |
| | B) | the death rate of breast-fed babies is up to five times greater than that of bottle-fed babies. |
| | C) | the research comparing breast-fed versus bottle-fed babies is flawed. |
| | D) | there is no difference in death rates between bottle-fed and breast-fed babies. |
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21 | |
With regard to toilet training, the American Academy of Pediatrics (2001) reports that: |
| | A) | many parents today are being encouraged to use a "readiness" approach. |
| | B) | parents should begin toilet training after the child's first birthday. |
| | C) | delaying toilet training until the twos and threes makes it more difficult to train the child. |
| | D) | two-year-olds who are not yet toilet trained, but are in day care, may be stigmatized by the older children who are trained. |
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22 | |
The leading cause of fatal injury in infants under one year of age is: |
| | A) | falling from high places, such as cribs. |
| | B) | abuse by parents or other adults. |
| | C) | asphyxiation by foreign material in the respiratory tract. |
| | D) | automobile accidents, primarily due to improper restraint in the motor vehicle. |
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23 | |
Esther Thelen's (1995, 2000) _________, seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. |
| | A) | dynamic systems theory |
| | B) | new view of motor development |
| | C) | genetic blueprint view |
| | D) | traditional reflex view |
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24 | |
Which statement BEST characterizes infant reflexes? |
| | A) | Reflexes are vestigial remnants of early evolutionary processes |
| | B) | Reflexes are genetically carried survival mechanisms. |
| | C) | Modern infants rely more on learning than on reflexes. |
| | D) | All reflexes disappear by the end of infancy. |
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25 | |
The ________ reflex is a neonatal response that occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement. |
| | A) | stepping |
| | B) | Babinski |
| | C) | Moro |
| | D) | rooting |
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26 | |
Juan is entering preschool and still sucks his thumb. The text suggests that his parents: |
| | A) | put hot pepper sauce on his thumb to get him to stop. |
| | B) | talk to him about the need to stop sucking his thumb. |
| | C) | take him to a psychologist. |
| | D) | not worry about it. |
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27 | |
According to Thelen (2000), ___________ control is critical for engaging in adaptive activities. |
| | A) | postural |
| | B) | motor |
| | C) | sensory |
| | D) | perceptual |
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28 | |
Which infant motor event typically occurs FIRST? |
| | A) | stands with support |
| | B) | cruises around furniture |
| | C) | rolls over |
| | D) | sits without support |
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29 | |
Cross-cultural research on milestones in gross motor development demonstrate that: |
| | A) | structured exercise classes improve the child's physical fitness and development. |
| | B) | stimulation of infant motor skills can actually retard a child's chances of survival. |
| | C) | in cultures that restrain a child from walking during the first year the children demonstrate retarded motor development. |
| | D) | regardless of how much practice takes place, infants around the world reach motor milestones within about the same age range. |
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30 | |
If typical of other children, which child is most likely to rely on vision as a guide in grasping an object? |
| | A) | two-month-old Erin |
| | B) | four-month-old Florence |
| | C) | six-month-old Gerardo |
| | D) | eight-month-old Hidalgo |
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31 | |
_________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. |
| | A) | Sensation |
| | B) | Perception |
| | C) | Intermodal perception |
| | D) | Perceptual-motor coupling |
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32 | |
According to the ________ view, perception functions to bring the organism in contact with the environment and increase adaptation. |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | ecological |
| | C) | biodynamic |
| | D) | dynamic systems |
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33 | |
Robert Fantz (1963) found that infants as young as two days old: |
| | A) | were able to focus on their mothers' eyes. |
| | B) | were able to distinguish contour. |
| | C) | showed a preference for patterned stimuli over plain stimuli. |
| | D) | began to perceive the oval shape of the head. |
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34 | |
In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual cliff refused to go to their mothers who were coaxing them from the other side. This result was cited as evidence for: |
| | A) | depth perception. |
| | B) | failure of visual acuity. |
| | C) | inability to hear at a distance. |
| | D) | inability to crawl. |
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35 | |
What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear? |
| | A) | A fetus moves when a loud noise occurs. |
| | B) | Newborns prefer their mother's voice to strangers' voices. |
| | C) | Hearing is more sensitive and better developed among newborns who have been experimentally stimulated before birth. |
| | D) | Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them in their mother's womb. |
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36 | |
Which of the following smells does the infant like LEAST? |
| | A) | vanilla |
| | B) | fish |
| | C) | mother's milk |
| | D) | strawberries. |
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37 | |
Ariadne turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother enter the room. This demonstrates what type of perception? |
| | A) | depth |
| | B) | intermodal |
| | C) | auditory |
| | D) | visual |
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38 | |
Critical to the notion of perception-action coupling is that: |
| | A) | action can guide perception and perception can guide action. |
| | B) | perception develops first, then actions follow. |
| | C) | actions develop first, then perception follows. |
| | D) | there is a clear distinction between perception and action. |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education