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Essay Quiz
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1

How is the menstrual cycle regulated? How do estrus cycles differ from menstrual cycles? What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle and what hormonal and ovarian changes happen during each phase? What uterine changes occur during the phases of the menstrual cycle?
2

What is toxic shock syndrome and what recommendations are made to reduce the risk of developing TSS?
3

How long is a normal menstrual cycle and its various phases? Which phases are relatively constant and which variable in length? What is Mittelschmerz? What are anovulatory cycles and when are they most likely to occur?
4

How and why does the cervical mucus cycle function throughout the menstrual cycle? How does basal body temperature fluctuate with the phases of the menstrual cycle?
5

What are the most common symptoms of dysmenorrhea, how are protaglandins associated with dysmenorrhea, and what interventions are successful in relieving dysmenorrhea? What is endometriosis and how is it treated? What are the causes of amenorrheaand what is the distinction between primary amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea?
6

What is meant by “premenstrual tension” and premenstrual syndromeand what are their most common symptoms? What does research suggest about fluctuations in mood during the menstrual cycle? What criticisms have been made about the evidence supporting mood fluctuation and the premenstrual syndrome? What conclusions can best be made taking into account the available evidence?
7

What has research found with regard to fluctuations in performance and sex drive throughout the menstrual cycle?
8

What is the biological explanation for changes in mood during the menstrual cycle? What is the major criticism of this theory? What were the findings of the classic study by Karen Paige (1971) about hormone levels and mood shifts?
9

What is the cultural explanation for fluctuations in mood during the menstrual cycle? What are common cultural taboos associated with menstruation? What evidence is provided by the experiment done by Diane Ruble (1977) for this explanation? What cross-cultural similarities and differences in the menstrual experience emerge from the study of South African Indians by Brian du Toit?
10

Why is it more difficult to recognize cycles in men than in women? What research supports the existence of cycles in men?
11

What are the climacteric and menopause and what causes them? What are the typical physical symptoms of menopause and how prevalent are they? What are the potential benefits and risks of hormone-replacementtherapy or estrogen-replacement therapy? What are the intended benefits of “designer estrogens” or “tissue-specific estrogens,” such as raloxifene?
12

What physical changes occur in the vagina during the climacteric, how do they affect sexuality, and what remedies are available? What are the conclusions of experts who have reviewed the research on women’s sexuality during and after menopause?
13

What psychological problems have traditionally been associated with menopause? What were the conclusions of Lillian Rubin’s study on the “empty-nest syndrome?” What were the conclusions of the major review on menopause and depression (Weissman & Klerman, 1977) and the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (1992) about the incidence of depression during menopause?
14

How do the biological and cultural perspectives differ in their explanations about the causes of menopausal symptoms? What evidence do each of these perspectives cite?
15

What biological changes occur in men as they age? What are andropause and ADAM? How common is prostate enlargement in the aging male, what are its symptoms, and how is it treated? What are the major themes that emerge in research on a “male mid-life crisis?” What is the research evidence on whether men in their forties have higher rates of depression?





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