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| 1 | |
Which of the following best describes the lymphatic system? |
| | A) | a one-way route from the interstitial fluid to the blood |
| | B) | a one-way route from the blood to the interstitial fluid |
| | C) | a direct two-way exchange route between blood and interstitial fluid |
| | D) | an integral component of the cardiovascular system |
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| 2 | |
Compared with blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries |
| | A) | are larger in diameter and have overlapping endothelial cells |
| | B) | lack well-organized layers separating them from surrounding tissues |
| | C) | are closed-ended tubes found in most but not all the same locations |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 3 | |
Regarding the distribution and life span of lymphocytes, which statement is false? |
| | A) | they are not evenly distributed in the blood and bone marrow |
| | B) | B-lymphocytes are seldom found in the thymus |
| | C) | they have a relatively uniform life span of about 120 days |
| | D) | T-lymphocytes may outnumber B-lymphocytes by more than 5 to 1 |
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| 4 | |
How does the production of T-lymphocytes change after puberty? |
| | A) | some mature in the red bone marrow before puberty but not afterward |
| | B) | in adults, they are produced only by division of existing T-lymphocytes |
| | C) | the thymus assumes a greater role in T-lymphocyte differentiation in adults |
| | D) | T-lymphocyte production shifts from the thymus to the spleen after puberty |
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| 5 | |
Lymphocytes may respond to which of the following? |
| | A) | invading organisms, such as viruses |
| | B) | abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells |
| | C) | foreign proteins, such as toxins released by bacteria |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 6 | |
Lymphocytes located in the ____________ do not participate in the immune response. |
| | A) | bloodstream |
| | B) | lymphatic vessels |
| | C) | thymus |
| | D) | lymph nodes |
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| 7 | |
Which pair correctly matches a lymphocyte's function with its typical coreceptor? |
| | A) | turns off the immune response; CD4 |
| | B) | kills cells containing a specific antigen; CD4 |
| | C) | initiates and oversees the immune response; CD8 |
| | D) | kills a wide variety of infected or cancerous cells; CD16 |
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| 8 | |
Which two of the following are typically necessary to stimulate a B-lymphocyte to divide and differentiate? |
| | A) | a plasma cell and an antibody |
| | B) | a helper T-lymphocyte and an antigen |
| | C) | a cytokine and an immunoglobulin |
| | D) | a memory T-lymphocyte and a cytokine |
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| 9 | |
When dissolved in body fluids, the antibodies produced by plasma cells are called |
| | A) | immunoglobulins |
| | B) | lymphokines |
| | C) | agglutinins |
| | D) | cytokines |
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| 10 | |
Ironically, key components of the body's defense against infection, the ___________, are themselves infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
| | A) | NK cells |
| | B) | plasma cells |
| | C) | cytotoxic T-lymphocytes |
| | D) | helper T-lymphocytes |
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| 11 | |
Current evidence indicates that HIV is least likely to be transmitted via which of the following body fluids from an infected person? |
| | A) | blood |
| | B) | semen |
| | C) | saliva |
| | D) | breast milk |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following does not accurately describe activities or structures of lymph nodes? |
| | A) | lymph percolates slowly through cortical and then medullary sinuses |
| | B) | lymphocytes line the sinuses and phagocytize foreign debris from the lymph |
| | C) | one or two efferent lymphatic vessels drain the lymph node through the hilum |
| | D) | lymph from one lymph node often flows into another for further filtering |
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| 13 | |
Which pair correctly matches a type of lymphatic cell with its function? |
| | A) | dendritic cell; internalizes antigens from lymph for presentation to other cells |
| | B) | nurse cell; protects and nourishes developing B-lymphocytes in red bone marrow |
| | C) | macrophage; destroys infected cells when activated by helper T-lymphocytes |
| | D) | plasma cell; secretes cytokines that mobilize all other types of lymphocytes |
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| 14 | |
Specialized epithelial cells that perform both an endocrine and a lymphatic function are called |
| | A) | dendritic cells |
| | B) | NK cells |
| | C) | plasma cells |
| | D) | nurse cells |
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| 15 | |
Medullary cords are strands of ____________ supported by connective tissue fibers, located in the ____________. |
| | A) | T-lymphocytes and plasma cells; tonsils |
| | B) | T-lymphocytes and NK cells; thymus |
| | C) | B-lymphocytes and macrophages; lymph nodes |
| | D) | B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells; spleen |
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| 16 | |
The blood-thymus barrier |
| | A) | protects lymphocytes in the cortex of the thymus from exposure to antigens |
| | B) | allows thymic hormones from the pituitary gland to permeate into the cortex |
| | C) | is well formed around blood vessels in both the cortex and the medulla |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 17 | |
Which pair does not correctly match a component of the spleen with its function? |
| | A) | white pulp; initiates immune response to antigens in the blood |
| | B) | red pulp; serves as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets |
| | C) | splenic cords; monitor the blood for bacteria and other antigens |
| | D) | splenic sinusoids; transport blood and house macrophages |
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| 18 | |
In contrast to vaccination, injection of immunoglobulins |
| | A) | stimulates activity by helper T-lymphocytes and eventually by plasma cells |
| | B) | provides antibodies directly without training the body how to produce them |
| | C) | is rarely effective against antigens already present in the body |
| | D) | protects the recipient against a specific illness for a much longer time |
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| 19 | |
What does a booster shot typically accomplish? |
| | A) | introduces more antibodies against a particular disease into the bloodstream |
| | B) | replenishes the dwindling supply of plasma cells sensitive to a given antigen |
| | C) | stimulates the production of new populations of memory B-lymphocytes |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following poses the greatest risk to an adult as a consequence of having a splenectomy? |
| | A) | lymphoma |
| | B) | low hematocrit |
| | C) | autoimmune disease |
| | D) | septicemia |
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| 21 | |
An extreme form of lymphedema caused by a chronic filarial worm infection is called |
| | A) | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| | B) | elephantiasis |
| | C) | lymphangitis |
| | D) | scleroderma |
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| 22 | |
Recent research suggests that atherosclerosis results from inappropriate activity by T-lymphocytes, which would place it in the same category of disease as |
| | A) | rheumatoid arthritis |
| | B) | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| | C) | insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following does not contribute to elderly individuals' increased susceptibility to illness? |
| | A) | lifelong accumulation of antibodies increases the likelihood of allergic reactions |
| | B) | helper T-lymphocytes respond less to antigens and may not reproduce rapidly |
| | C) | reduced numbers of helper T-lymphocytes result in fewer B-lymphocytes |
| | D) | overall populations of T-lymphocytes decline gradually for multiple reasons |
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| 24 | |
Of the following, which forms first in the embryo? |
| | A) | right lymphatic duct |
| | B) | cisterna chyli |
| | C) | thoracic duct |
| | D) | jugular trunk |
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| 25 | |
When does the spleen start to acquire its lymphatic functionality? |
| | A) | during the fifth week of development |
| | B) | by the last week of the embryonic period |
| | C) | at the beginning of the fetal period |
| | D) | during the second trimester |
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