 |
| 1 | |
Which selection includes all components of a nephron? |
| | A) | a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule |
| | B) | a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule |
| | C) | proximal and distal convoluted tubules and a nephron loop |
| | D) | a renal capsule, two convoluted tubules, and a nephron loop |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
A blockage in a glomerulus would directly obstruct blood flow into which vessel? |
| | A) | afferent arteriole |
| | B) | efferent arteriole |
| | C) | interlobular artery |
| | D) | interlobar artery |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Compared with most capillaries, those of a glomerulus are unusual in which of the following ways? |
| | A) | their endothelia have thicker basement membranes |
| | B) | the blood pressure within them is much higher |
| | C) | blood is still highly oxygenated when it leaves them |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
What three physical barriers must filtrate cross within the renal corpuscle? |
| | A) | podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits |
| | B) | macula densa, vascular pole, and parietal layer of glomerular capsule |
| | C) | glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes |
| | D) | proximal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and papillary ducts |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Which of the following have no companion vessels? |
| | A) | interlobular arteries |
| | B) | segmental arteries |
| | C) | arcuate veins |
| | D) | interlobar veins |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
In which of the following selections are the structure and its contents correctly matched? |
| | A) | filtrate, glomerulus |
| | B) | urine, distal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | tubular fluid, proximal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are to ____________ as convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons are to ____________. |
| | A) | afferent arterioles; efferent arterioles |
| | B) | efferent arterioles; afferent arterioles |
| | C) | peritubular capillaries; vasa recta |
| | D) | vasa recta; peritubular capillaries |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
During which steps of urine formation are substances actually removed from the blood? (1) filtration (2) reabsorption (3) secretion |
| | A) | 1 and 2 |
| | B) | 2 and 3 |
| | C) | 1 and 3 |
| | D) | all three |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
Which of the following structures assist in producing more concentrated urine? |
| | A) | glomerular capsules |
| | B) | renal tubules and collecting ducts |
| | C) | minor calyces and major calyces |
| | D) | ureters and urinary bladder |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Physically part of a nephron, each ____________ is also part of a tiny structure that helps regulate blood pressure and volume. |
| | A) | macula densa |
| | B) | lamina densa |
| | C) | juxtaglomerular cell |
| | D) | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Renin is released by the ____________ in response to ____________ renal blood volume or solute concentration in the tubular fluid. |
| | A) | macula densa; elevated |
| | B) | macula densa; reduced |
| | C) | juxtaglomerular cells; elevated |
| | D) | juxtaglomerular cells; reduced |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Damage to the renal medulla would most directly impair the function of |
| | A) | collecting ducts |
| | B) | Bowman's capsules |
| | C) | convoluted tubules |
| | D) | glomeruli |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Which hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex in response to rising levels of angiotensin II, increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules? |
| | A) | renin |
| | B) | aldosterone |
| | C) | antidiuretic hormone |
| | D) | erythropoietin |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
The direct consequence of inadequate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion would most likely be |
| | A) | dehydration |
| | B) | incontinence |
| | C) | dysuria |
| | D) | urolithiasis |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
Which statement does not correctly describe the path of urine flow? |
| | A) | ducts in each renal papilla drain into a minor calyx |
| | B) | the minor calyces merge to form a major calyx |
| | C) | the major calyces combine to form the renal pelvis |
| | D) | the renal pelvis conveys urine directly to the urethra |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
The renal plexus that innervates each kidney includes all of the following except |
| | A) | sympathetic preganglionic axons from the T10-T12 paravertebral ganglia |
| | B) | sympathetic postganglionic axons from the T10-T12 spinal segments |
| | C) | parasympathetic innervation from CN X (vagus nerve) |
| | D) | visceral sensory axons that follow the sympathetic pathway |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
The ____________ innervation to the ____________ has no known effect. |
| | A) | sympathetic; kidney |
| | B) | parasympathetic; kidney |
| | C) | visceral sensory; urinary bladder |
| | D) | parasympathetic; internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
Which tunic found in the walls of most digestive organs, and the urinary bladder, is missing from the walls of the ureters? |
| | A) | mucosa |
| | B) | submucosa |
| | C) | muscularis |
| | D) | adventitia |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Which description of the urinary bladder and urethra is false? |
| | A) | the trigone of the urinary bladder serves to funnel urine into the urethra |
| | B) | a sphincter encircles the urethral opening at the neck of the urinary bladder |
| | C) | the internal urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle under voluntary control |
| | D) | the entrance into the urethra is at the most inferior point in the bladder |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
Which of the following are attributable in whole or in part to the reduced sensitivity to aldosterone and ADH that results from aging? |
| | A) | less reabsorption of water and sodium ions |
| | B) | more frequent urination and increased daily fluid requirement |
| | C) | greater fluctuations in blood volume and pressure |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
Often diagnosed by an intravenous pyelogram, ____________ can commonly be treated nonsurgically with lithotripsy. |
| | A) | polyuria |
| | B) | renal calculi |
| | C) | pyelonephritis |
| | D) | hypercalcuria |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
Through a series of developmental changes, a single extension of the embryonic hindgut that leads from the cloaca to the umbilicus forms all of the following except the |
| | A) | allantois |
| | B) | urachus |
| | C) | medial umbilical ligament |
| | D) | median umbilical ligament |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
Which of the following comparisons of the male and female urethra is false? |
| | A) | the internal and external urethral sphincters are much farther apart in the male |
| | B) | the male urethra has three distinct sections; the female urethra has only one |
| | C) | the male urethra functions in twice as many organ systems as the female urethra |
| | D) | both sexes have the same type of epithelial lining near the external urethral orifice |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
Kidneys that remain at their embryonic point of origin usually have normal function, although their blood supply comes from ____________ instead of typical renal arteries. |
| | A) | the gonadal arteries |
| | B) | the inferior mesenteric artery |
| | C) | branches of the internal iliac arteries |
| | D) | branches of the common iliac arteries |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
Which of the following kidney anomalies has the most serious health consequences? |
| | A) | unilateral renal agenesis |
| | B) | bilateral renal agenesis |
| | C) | horseshoe kidney |
| | D) | supernumerary kidneys |
|
|
.