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| 1 | |
Which of the following tissues is found in the fewest body locations? |
| | A) | fibrocartilage |
| | B) | elastic cartilage |
| | C) | cortical bone |
| | D) | trabecular bone |
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| 2 | |
During early embryonic development, cartilage grows both internally and along its periphery. The former is called ____________ growth; the latter, ____________. |
| | A) | appositional; interstitial |
| | B) | interstitial; appositional |
| | C) | osteogenic; chondrogenic |
| | D) | chondrogenic; osteogenic |
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| 3 | |
One of the main differences between the two growth patterns of cartilage is the source of new |
| | A) | chondroblasts |
| | B) | chondrocytes |
| | C) | cartilage matrix |
| | D) | perichondrium |
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| 4 | |
Why does all growth normally cease in mature cartilage? |
| | A) | the matrix of mature cartilage is not able to expand |
| | B) | cartilage has no blood supply and thus no energy source for growth |
| | C) | once mature, cartilage is converted to bone by endochondral ossification |
| | D) | both a and b |
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| 5 | |
Chondrocytes die and stem cells in the perichondrium form osteoblasts during which of these processes? |
| | A) | appositional growth of cartilage |
| | B) | interstitial growth of bone |
| | C) | intramembranous ossification |
| | D) | endochondral ossification |
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| 6 | |
Calcification occurs in ____________ during dermal ossification but in ____________ during endochondral ossification. |
| | A) | the dermis; hyaline cartilage |
| | B) | mesenchyme; fibrocartilage |
| | C) | osteoid; hyaline cartilage |
| | D) | osteoid; fibrocartilage |
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| 7 | |
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue typically covers all of the following except |
| | A) | hyaline cartilage |
| | B) | fibrocartilage |
| | C) | elastic cartilage |
| | D) | compact bone |
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| 8 | |
Which of the following is not a function of periosteum? |
| | A) | anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone |
| | B) | isolates and protects the bone from surrounding structures |
| | C) | provides a smooth surface for articulation between bones |
| | D) | participates in appositional bone growth and fracture repair |
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| 9 | |
Osteons are to dense bone as ____________ are to cancellous bone. |
| | A) | trabeculae |
| | B) | interstitial lamellae |
| | C) | parallel lamellae |
| | D) | canaliculi |
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| 10 | |
By interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____________ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix. |
| | A) | perforating canals |
| | B) | canaliculi |
| | C) | central canals |
| | D) | lamellae |
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| 11 | |
Arrange the following from lowest to highest in terms of their contribution to the mass of bone tissue: (1) collagen fibers; (2) osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; and (3) calcium phosphate. |
| | A) | 1, 2, 3 |
| | B) | 3, 1, 2 |
| | C) | 2, 1, 3 |
| | D) | 2, 3, 1 |
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| 12 | |
What change in physical structure would result from an excess of organic components relative to the amount of hydroxyapatite in the matrix of a bone? |
| | A) | greater rigidity |
| | B) | greater strength |
| | C) | decreased flexibility |
| | D) | increased flexibility |
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| 13 | |
A major difference between compact and spongy bone is that |
| | A) | spongy bone forms only from mesenchyme |
| | B) | there are no osteons in spongy bone |
| | C) | spongy bone contains no hydroxyapatite |
| | D) | the trabeculae of compact bone are larger |
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| 14 | |
During bone remodeling, if the rate of osteolysis exceeds the rate of osteogenesis, the bone becomes |
| | A) | longer and thinner |
| | B) | thicker along the shaft |
| | C) | demineralized |
| | D) | stronger |
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| 15 | |
Under what circumstances does fibrocartilage normally ossify? |
| | A) | endochondral ossification |
| | B) | fracture repair |
| | C) | lamellar bone formation |
| | D) | interstitial growth |
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| 16 | |
While eating fried chicken from a popular chain restaurant, David notices that the ends of the bones in the wing and drumstick are smooth, featureless, and covered with a thick cap of cartilage. What is the most likely explanation? |
| | A) | articular cartilage is much thicker in chickens than in humans |
| | B) | bird bones have completely different features from human bones |
| | C) | the chicken was so young that the bones were not fully ossified |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 17 | |
Lengthwise bone growth involves the final steps of |
| | A) | osteoporosis and osteopenia |
| | B) | fracture healing |
| | C) | intramembranous ossification |
| | D) | endochondral ossification |
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| 18 | |
In interstitial bone growth, what happens when the zone of ossification overtakes the zone of resting cartilage? |
| | A) | the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line |
| | B) | lengthwise growth of the bone terminates (at least at one end) |
| | C) | the metaphysis converts from hyaline cartilage to bone |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 19 | |
____________ is a continual, hormonally controlled process that is essentially a race between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
| | A) | appositional growth |
| | B) | interstitial growth |
| | C) | bone remodeling |
| | D) | endochondral ossification |
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| 20 | |
Which types of fractures are inherently more likely in children than in adults? |
| | A) | epiphyseal and greenstick |
| | B) | transverse and comminuted |
| | C) | Colles and spiral |
| | D) | open and closed |
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| 21 | |
The inadequate mineral deposition in bone caused by a vitamin D deficiency during childhood is called |
| | A) | scurvy |
| | B) | rickets |
| | C) | osteomyelitis |
| | D) | osteomalacia |
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| 22 | |
The two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis are |
| | A) | somatotropin and somatomedin |
| | B) | growth hormone and thyroid hormone |
| | C) | parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| | D) | estrogen and testosterone |
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| 23 | |
Ironically, high levels of ____________ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger its ultimate end. |
| | A) | sex hormones |
| | B) | thyroid gland hormones |
| | C) | anterior pituitary gland hormones |
| | D) | parathyroid hormone and somatomedin |
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| 24 | |
Arrange the following in order of the average age at which they complete ossification, from youngest to oldest: (1) clavicle; (2) lateral epicondyle of humerus; and (3) proximal radius. |
| | A) | 1, 2, 3 |
| | B) | 2, 3, 1 |
| | C) | 3, 1, 2 |
| | D) | 3, 2, 1 |
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| 25 | |
Osteopenia and ____________ both reduce bone mass, but the former is a normal part of aging whereas the latter is a disease. |
| | A) | osteomalacia |
| | B) | osteomyelitis |
| | C) | hyperostosis |
| | D) | osteoporosis |
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