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THE FINANCIAL PLANNING PROCESS

Most people want to handle their finances so that they get full satisfaction from each available dollar. Typical financial goals include such things as a new car, a larger home, advanced career training, extended travel, and self-sufficiency during working and retirement years.
To achieve these and other goals, people need to identify and set priorities. Financial and personal satisfaction are the result of an organized process that is commonly referred to as personal money management or personal financial planning.
Personal financial planning is the process of managing your money to achieve personal economic satisfaction. This planning process allows you to control your financial situation. Every person, family, or household has a unique financial position, and any financial activity therefore must also be carefully planned to meet specific needs and goals.
A comprehensive financial plan can enhance the quality of your life and increase your satisfaction by reducing uncertainty about your future needs and resources. The specific advantages of personal financial planning include

Increased effectiveness in obtaining, using, and protecting your financial resources throughout your lifetime.
Increased control of your financial affairs by avoiding excessive debt, bankruptcy, and dependence on others for economic security.
Improved personal relationships resulting from well-planned and effectively communicated financial decisions.
A sense of freedom from financial worries obtained by looking to the future, anticipating expenses, and achieving your personal economic goals. Power Point Presentation

We all make hundreds of decisions each day. Most of these decisions are quite simple and have few consequences. Some are complex and have long-term effects on our personal and financial situations. The financial planning process is a logical, six-step procedure: Power Point Presentation

(1) determining your current financial situation
(2) developing financial goals
(3) identifying alternative courses of action
(4) evaluating alternatives
(5) creating and implementing a financial action plan, and
(6) reevaluating and revising the plan. Transparency

Step 1: Determine Your Current Financial Situation

In this first step of the financial planning process, you will determine your current financial situation with regard to income, savings, living expenses, and debts. Preparing a list of current asset and debt balances and amounts spent for various items gives you a foundation for financial planning activities.

Step 2: Develop Financial Goals

You should periodically analyze your financial values and goals. This involves identifying how you feel about money and why you feel that way. The purpose of this analysis is to differentiate your needs from your wants.
Specific financial goals are vital to financial planning. Others can suggest financial goals for you; however, you must decide which goals to pursue. Your financial goals can range from spending all of your current income to developing an extensive savings and investment program for your future financial security.

Step 3: Identify Alternative Courses of Action

Developing alternatives is crucial for making good decisions. Although many factors will influence the available alternatives, possible courses of action usually fall into these categories:

Continue the same course of action.
Expand the current situation.
Change the current situation.
Take a new course of action.

Not all of these categories will apply to every decision situation; however, they do represent possible courses of action.
Creativity in decision making is vital to effective choices. Considering all of the possible alternatives will help you make more effective and satisfying decisions.

Step 4: Evaluate Alternatives

You need to evaluate possible courses of action, taking into consideration your life situation, personal values, and current economic conditions.
Consequences of Choices. Every decision closes off alternatives. For example, a decision to invest in stock may mean you cannot take a vacation. A decision to go to school full time may mean you cannot work full time. Opportunity cost is what you give up by making a choice. This cost, commonly referred to as the trade-off of a decision, cannot always be measured in dollars. Power Point Presentation
Decision making will be an ongoing part of your personal and financial situation. Thus, you will need to consider the lost opportunities that will result from your decisions.

Evaluating Risk

Uncertainty is a part of every decision. Selecting a college major and choosing a career field involve risk. What if you don’t like working in this field or cannot obtain employment in it?
Other decisions involve a very low degree of risk, such as putting money in a savings account or purchasing items that cost only a few dollars. Your chances of losing something of great value are low in these situations.
In many financial decisions, identifying and evaluating risk is difficult. The best way to consider risk is to gather information based on your experience and the experiences of others and to use financial planning information sources. Power Point Presentation

Financial Planning Information Sources

Relevant information is required at each stage of the decision-making process. Changing personal, social, and economic conditions will require that you continually supplement and update your knowledge. Power Point Presentation (PFP 2) Transparency

Step 5: Create and Implement a Financial Action Plan

In this step of the financial planning process, you develop an action plan. This requires choosing ways to achieve your goals. As you achieve your immediate or short-term goals, the goals next in priority will come into focus.
To implement your financial action plan, you may need assistance from others. For example, you may use the services of an insurance agent to purchase property insurance or the services of an investment broker to purchase stocks, bonds, or mutual funds.

Step 6: Reevaluate and Revise Your Plan

Financial planning is a dynamic process that does not end when you take a particular action. You need to regularly assess your financial decisions. Changing personal, social, and economic factors may require more frequent assessments.
When life events affect your financial needs, this financial planning process will provide a vehicle for adapting to those changes. Regularly reviewing this decision-making process will help you make priority adjustments that will bring your financial goals and activities in line with your current life situation. Concept Check

DEVELOPING PERSONAL FINANCIAL GOALS

Timing of Goals

Short-term goals are goals to be achieved within the next year or so, such as saving for a vacation or paying off small debts.
Intermediate goals have a time frame of two to five years.
Long-term goals involve financial plans that are more than five years off, such as retirement savings, money for children’s college education, or the purchase of a vacation home.

Goal frequency is another ingredient in the financial planning process.

Some goals, such as vacations or money for gifts, may be set annually. Other goals, such as a college education, a car, or a house, occur less frequently.

Goals for Different Financial Needs

Consumable-product goals usually occur on a periodic basis and involve items that are used up relatively quickly, such as food, clothing, and entertainment. Such purchases, if made unwisely, can have a negative effect on your financial situation.
Durable-product goals usually involve infrequently purchased, expensive items such as appliances, cars, and sporting equipment; these consist of tangible items. In contrast, many people overlook intangible-purchase goals.

Goal-Setting Guidelines—your financial goals should be stated to take the following factors into account:

Financial goals should be realistic.
Financial goals should be stated in specific, measurable terms.
Financial goals should have a time frame.

Financial goals should indicate the type of action to be taken Power Point Presentation (PFP 3) Transparency Concept Check

INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING

Life Situation and Personal Values

Personal factors such as age, income, household size, and personal beliefs influence your spending and saving patterns. Your life situation or lifestyle is created by a combination of factors.
The adult life cycle—the stages in the family and financial needs of an adult—is an important influence on your financial activities and decisions. Your life situation is also affected by marital status, household size, and employment, as well as events such as

Graduation (at various levels of education).
Engagement and marriage.
The birth or adoption of a child.
A career change or a move to a new area.
Dependent children leaving home.
Changes in health.
Divorce.
Retirement.
The death of a spouse, family member, or other dependent.

In addition to being defined by your family situation, you are defined by your values—the ideas and principles that you consider correct, desirable, and important. Power Point Presentation

Economic Factors

In our society, the forces of supply and demand play an important role in setting prices. Economics is the study of how wealth is created and distributed.
Prices of goods and services are generally determined by supply and demand. Just as a high demand for a consumer product forces its price up, a high demand for money pushes up interest rates. This price of money reflects the limited supply of money and the demand for it.
Banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, insurance companies, and investment companies are the financial institutions with which most people do business. Financial institutions provide services that facilitate financial activities in our economy.
The Federal Reserve System, our nation’s central bank, has significant responsibility in our economy. The Fed, as it is called, is concerned with maintaining an adequate money supply.
The global marketplace also influences financial activities. Our economy is affected by both the financial activities of foreign investors and competition from foreign companies. Power Point Presentation (PPT1-10) Power Point Presentation (PPT1-11) Power Point Presentation (PPT1-12) Power Point Presentation

Economic Conditions

Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices. In times of inflation, the buying power of the dollar decreases. The main cause of inflation is an increase in demand without a comparable increase in supply.
Inflation is most harmful to people living on fixed incomes. Inflation can also adversely affect lenders of money.
At a 12 percent annual inflation rate, prices double (and the value of the dollar is cut in half) in about six years. To find out how fast prices (or your savings) will double, use the rule of 72: Just divide 72 by the annual inflation (or interest) rate. An annual inflation rate of 8 percent, for example, means prices will double in nine years.
The consumer price index (CPI), published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure of the average change in the prices urban consumers pay for a fixed "basket" of goods and services. For current CPI information, go to www.bls.gov.
Total demand for goods and services in the economy influences employment opportunities and the potential for income.

Interest rates represent the cost of money. Like everything else, money has a price. The forces of supply and demand influence interest rates. When consumer saving and investing increase the supply of money, interest rates tend to decrease. However, as consumer, business, government, and foreign borrowing increase the demand for money, interest rates tend to rise. Interest rates influence many financial decisions. Current interest rate data may be obtained at www.federalreserve.gov. (PFP 4) Transparency Concept Check

OPPORTUNITY COSTS AND THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY

Personal Opportunity Costs

An important personal opportunity cost involves time that when used for one activity cannot be used for other activities. Time used for studying, working, or shopping will not be available for other uses.
Other personal opportunity costs relate to health. Poor eating habits, lack of sleep, or avoiding exercise can result in illness, time away from school or work, increased health care costs, and reduced financial security. Like financial resources, your personal resources (time, energy, health, abilities, knowledge) require management. Power Point Presentation

Financial Opportunity Costs

You are constantly making choices among various financial decisions. In making those choices, you must consider the time value of money, the increases in an amount of money as a result of interest earned. Power Point Presentation
Saving or investing a dollar instead of spending it today results in a future amount greater than a dollar. Every time you spend, save, invest, or borrow money, you should consider the time value of that money as an opportunity cost.
The opportunity cost of the time value of money is present in these financial decisions:

Setting aside funds in a savings plan with little or no risk has the opportunity cost of potentially higher returns from an investment with greater risk.
Having extra money withheld from your paycheck in order to receive a tax refund has the opportunity cost of the lost interest the money could earn in a savings account.
Making annual deposits in a retirement account can help you avoid the opportunity cost of having inadequate funds later in life.
Purchasing a new automobile or home appliance has the potential benefit of saving you money on future maintenance and energy costs.

Interest Calculations. Three amounts are used to calculate the time value of money for savings in the form of interest earned:

The amount of the savings (commonly called the principal).
The annual interest rate.
The length of time the money is on deposit. Power Point Presentation

Future Value of a Single Amount

Deposited money earns interest that will increase over time. Future value is the amount to which current savings will increase based on a certain interest rate and a certain time period. For example, $100 deposited in a 6 percent account for one year will grow to $106.
Future value computations may be referred to as compounding, since interest is earned on previously earned interest. Compounding allows the future value of a deposit to grow faster than it would if interest were paid only on the original deposit.
The sooner you make deposits, the greater the future value will be. Depositing $1,000 in a 5 percent account at age 40 will give you $3,387 at age 65. However, making the $1,000 deposit at age 25 would result in an account balance of $7,040 at age 65. Power Point Presentation

Future Value of a Series of Deposits

Quite often, savers and investors make regular deposits. An annuity is a series of equal deposits or payments.

Present Value of a Single Amount

Present value is the current value for a future amount based on a certain interest rate and a certain time period.
Present value computations, also called discounting, allow you to determine how much to deposit now to obtain a desired total in the future. Power Point Presentation

Present Value of a Series of Deposits

You can also use present value computations to determine how much you need to deposit so that you can take a certain amount out of the account for a desired number of years. Transparency Concept Check

ACHIEVING FINANCIAL GOALS

Components of Personal Financial Planning

Obtaining—you obtain financial resources from employment, investments, or ownership of a business. Obtaining financial resources is the foundation of financial planning, since these resources are used for all financial activities. Key Websites for Obtaining:

Planning—planned spending through budgeting is the key to achieving goals and future financial security. Efforts to anticipate expenses and financial decisions can also help reduce taxes. The ability to pay your fair share of taxes—no more, no less—is vital to increasing your financial resources. Key Websites for Planning:

Saving—long-term financial security starts with a regular savings plan for emergencies, unexpected bills, replacement of major items, and the purchase of special goods and services, such as a college education, a boat, or a vacation home. Once you have established a basic savings plan, you may use additional money for investments that offer greater financial growth.
An amount of savings must be available to meet current household needs. Liquidity refers to the ability to readily convert financial resources into cash without a loss in value. The need for liquidity will vary based on a person’s age, health, and family situation. Savings plans such as interest-earning checking accounts, money market accounts, and money market funds earn money on your savings while providing liquidity. Key Websites for Saving:

Borrowing—maintaining control over your credit-buying habits will contribute to your financial goals. The overuse and misuse of credit may cause a situation in which a person’s debts far exceed the resources available to pay those debts.
Bankruptcy is a set of federal laws that allow you to either restructure your debts or remove certain debts. The people who declare bankruptcy each year may have avoided this trauma with wise spending and borrowing decisions. Key Websites for Borrowing:

Spending—financial planning is designed not to prevent your enjoyment of life but to help you obtain the things you want. Too often, however, people make purchases without considering the financial consequences.
Some people shop compulsively, creating financial difficulties. You should detail your living expenses and your other financial obligations in a spending plan. Spending less than you earn is the only way to achieve long-term financial security. Key Websites for Spending:

Managing Risk—adequate insurance coverage is another component of personal financial planning. Certain types of insurance are commonly overlooked in financial plans.

Many households have excessive or overlapping insurance coverage. Insuring property for more than it is worth may be a waste of money, as may both a husband and a wife having similar health insurance coverage. Key Websites for Managing Risk:
www.insure.com
www.insuremarket.com

Investing—while many types of investment vehicles are available, people invest for two primary reasons. Those interested in current income select investments that pay regular dividends or interest. In contrast, investors who desire long-term growth choose stocks, mutual funds, real estate, and other investments with potential for increased value in the future.
You can achieve investment diversification by including a variety of assets in your portfolio—for example, stocks, bond mutual funds, real estate, and collectibles such as rare coins. Obtaining general investment advice is easy; however, it is more difficult to obtain specific investment advice to meet your individual needs and goals. Key Websites for Investing:

Retirement and Estate Planning—most people desire financial security upon completion of full-time employment. But retirement planning also involves thinking about your housing situation, your recreational activities, and possible part-time or volunteer work.

Transfers of money or property to others should be timed, if possible, to minimize the tax burden and maximize the benefits for those receiving the financial resources. A knowledge of property transfer methods can help you select the best course of action for funding current and future living costs, educational expenses, and retirement needs of dependents. Key Websites for Retirement and Estate Planning:
www.lifenet.com
www.aarp.org

Developing a Flexible Financial Plan
A financial plan is a formalized report that summarizes your current financial situation, analyzes your financial needs, and recommends future financial activities. You can create this document on your own, seek assistance from a financial planner, or use a money management software package. Power Point Presentation

Implementing Your Financial Plan

You must have a plan before you can implement it. However, once you have clearly assessed your current situation and identified your financial goals, what do you do next?
The most important strategy for success is the development of financial habits that contribute to both short-term satisfaction and long-term financial security, including the following:

Using a well-conceived spending plan will help you stay within your income while you save and invest for the future. The main source of financial difficulties is overspending.
Having appropriate insurance protection will help you prevent financial disasters.
Becoming informed about tax and investment alternatives will help you expand your financial resources.

Achieving your financial objectives requires two things: (1) a willingness to learn and (2) appropriate information sources. You must provide the first element; the chapters that follow will provide the second. For successful financial planning, know where you are now, know where you want to be, and be persistent in your efforts to get there. Power Point Presentation Concept Check

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Home > Chapter 1 > eLearning Session

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	Course-wide Content
		Skill Booster Career Corner Personal Finance Online Finance Around the World Weblink Bibliography Mobile Resources

	Instructor Resources
		Instructor's Manual PowerPoints Opening Cases Transparency Masters Personal Financial Pla... Solutions to Crossword...

	News, Articles & Links
		Web Link Bibliography
	Quizzes
		Multiple Choice Quiz
	More Resources
		Chapter Summary Flashcards Case Studies Crossword Puzzles Creating a Financial P... eLearning Session
	Instructor Resources
		Instructor's Manual PowerPoints Opening Cases Transparency Masters Personal Financial Pla... Solutions to Crossword...