Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment
Botany As A Science
Diversification of Plant Study

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Attributes of Living Organisms
Chemical and Physical Bases of Life

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Cells
Eukaryotic Versus Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Structure and Communication
Cellular Components
Cellular Reproduction
Awareness: Microscapes
Higher Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Meristematic Tissues
Tissues Produced by Meristems

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
How Roots Develop
Root Structure
Specialized Roots
Mycorrhizae
Root Nodules
Human Relevance of Roots
Soils
Awareness: Metal-Munching Plants

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
External Form of A Woody Twig
Origin and Development of Stems
Awareness: Standing in Fields of Stone
Tissue Patterns in Stems
Specialized Stems
Wood and Its Uses

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Leaf Arrangements and Types
Internal Structure of Leaves
Stomata
Mesophyll and Veins
Specialized Leaves
Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color
Abscission
Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves
Awareness: Glass Cuts from Grass?

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Differences Between Dicots and Monocots
Structure of Flowers
Fruits
Fruit and Seed Dispersal
Seeds
Awareness: The Seed That Slept for 1,200 Years

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Molecular Movement
Water and Its Movement Through the Plant
Regulation of Transpiration
Transport of Food Substances (Organic Solutes) in Solution
Mineral Requirements For Growth

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Enzymes and Energy Transfer
Photosynthesis
Awareness: Photosynthesis and Pizza
Respiration
Additional Metabolic Pathways
Assimilation and Digestion
Awareness: Greenhouse Gases and Plant Growth

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones
Hormonal Interactions
Other Hormonal Interactions
Plant Movements
Photoperiodism
Phytochromes and Cryptochromes
A Flowering Hormone?
Temperature and Growth
Dormancy and Quiescence

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
The Phases of Meiosis
Alternation of Generations

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Molecular Genetics
Awareness: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Cytogenetics
Mendelian Genetics
Quantitative Traits
Extranuclear DNA
Linkage and Mapping
The Hardy-Weinberg Law

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Crop Plant Evolution
Plant Breeding
Plant Propagation

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
A Brief Overview of the Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts
Charles Darwin
Evidence for Evolution
Microevolution--Evolution Within Species
Rates of Evolution
Macroevolution—How Species Evolve
The Role of Hybridization in Evolution
Discussion

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature
Development of the Kingdom Concept
Classification of Major Groups
A Key to Major Groups of Organisms (Exclusive of Kingdom Animalia)
Cladistics

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Features of Kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
Kingdom Bacteria—The True Bacteria
Human Relevance of the Unpigmented, Purple, and Green Sulfur Bacteria
Class Cyanobacteriae—The Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Bacteria)
Class Prochlorobacteriae—The Prochlorobacteria
Kingdom Archaea—The Archaebacteria
Viruses
Awareness: Plant Viruses
Viroids and Prions

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Features of Kingdom Protista
Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta—The Green Algae
Phylum Chromophyta—The Yellow-Green Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms, and Brown Algae
Phylum Rhodophyta—The Red Algae
Phylum Euglenophyta—The Euglenoids
Phylum Dinophyta—The Dinoflagellates
Phylum Cryptophyta—The Cryptomonads
Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)—The Haptophytes
Phylum Charophyta—The Stoneworts
Human and Ecological Relevance of the Algae
Other Members of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Myxomycota—The Plasmodial Slime Molds
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota—The Cellular Slime Molds
Phylum Oomycota—The Water Molds

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi
Kingdom Fungi—The True Fungi
Lichens

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Introduction to the Bryophytes
Phylum Hepaticophyta—Liverworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta—Hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta—Mosses
Awareness: Hibernating Mosses
Human and Ecological Relevance of Bryophytes

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Phylum Psilotophyta—The Whisk Ferns
Phylum Lycophyta—The Ground Pines, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts
Phylum Equisetophyta—The Horsetails and Scouring Rushes
Phylum Polypodiophyta—The Ferns
Fossils

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Phylum Pinophyta—The Conifers
Other Gymnosperms
Human Relevance of Gymnosperms
Awareness: A Living Fossil?

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Phylum Magnoliophyta—The Flowering Plants
Pollination Ecology
Herbaria and Plant Preservation

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Origin of Cultivated Plants
Selected Families of Flowering Plants
Dicots
Monocots
Awareness: Coffee and Caffeine

Chapter Outline
Overview
Some Learning Goals
Plants and the Environment
Natural Cycles
Succession
The Impacts of Humans on Plant Communities At the Global Level
Global Warming At the Regional Level
Awareness: John Muir, Father of America's National Park System
Loss of Biodiversity

Chapter Outline
Overview
Learning Goal
Major Biomes of North America
Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Learning Online
Additional Reading

Appendix 1  Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text

Appendix 2  Biological Controls

Appendix 3  Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae

Appendix 4  House Plants and Home Gardening

Appendix 5  Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables

Glossary

Index