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How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education Book Cover
How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5/e
Jack R. Fraenkel, San Francisco State University
Norman E. Wallen, San Francisco State University

Instrumentation

Chapter Outline


What are data?

Key Questions
Validity, Reliability, and Objectivity
Usability

Means of Classifying Data-Collection Instruments

Who Provides the Information?
Where did the Instrument Come From?
Written Response versus Performance

Examples of Data-Collection Instruments

Researcher-Completed Instruments
Subject-Completed Instruments
Unobtrusive Measures

Types of Scores

Raw Scores
Derived Scores
Which Scores to Use?

Norm-Referenced versus Criterion Referenced Instruments

Norm-Referenced Instruments
Criterion-Referenced Instruments

Measurement Scales

Nominal Scales
Ordinal Scales
Interval Scales
Ratio Scales
Measurement Scales Reconsidered

Preparing Data for Analysis

Scoring the Data
Tabulating and Coding the Data