| Adena | A burial-mound-building culture centered
in the Ohio River valley. Beginning about 3,000
years ago, this culture developed at the chiefdom
level of sociopolitical integration, often building
impressive tombs for its chiefs.
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| affluent foragers | Though social, political, and economic
complexity is commonly fueled by an agricultural
subsistence system, the wild food resource
base in some areas is so rich and abundant, complexity
may develop without the development
of food production. People who live in these
resource-privileged regions are called affluent foragers.
The Jomon of Japan and the native people
of the northwest coast of North America are examples
of affluent foragers.
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| Ancestral Puebloan (or Anasazi) | A prehistoric culture centered
in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest.
The Anasazi sometimes constructed large
and impressive structures that housed the population
of the village. Formerly called Anasazi.
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| courtyard groups | Clusters of separate residential
structures in Hohokam villages surrounding a
common area or courtyard. Most individual villages
consisted of multiple courtyard groups. Each
courtyard group consisted of from 2 to 10 family
residences.
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| dagga | A high-quality, clay-based building material
used in southern Africa. Dagga construction is
commonly found in the homes of the people of
Great Zimbabwe.
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| ethnographic present | The ethnographic present includes
that period of time when Western people
have been in contact with, studying, and writing
about traditional cultures.
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| Hohokam | A culture in the American Southwest
centered in southern Arizona. The Hohokam people
constructed irrigation canals to water the fields
in which they grew maize, beans, and squash.
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| Hopewell | Burial-mound-building culture centered
in the Ohio River valley. Beginning about 2,400
years ago, this culture developed at the chiefdom
level of sociopolitical integration, sometimes
building impressive tombs for their chiefs.
Hopewell is generally later than Adena.
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| kiva | A structure, usually round, used in religious
ceremonies by Native American societies in the
Southwest.Most kivas are relatively small, but socalled
Great Kivas are enormous. Casa Rinconada
in Chaco Canyon, for example, is nearly 20 m (63.5
ft) across.
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| Mogollon | A prehistoric culture located in the
American Southwest, centered in the uplands of
New Mexico and northeastern Mexico. The
Mogollon people grew maize, beans, and squash,
relying mostly on rainfall agriculture.
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| pit-houses | Semisubterranean houses constructed
by the ancient inhabitants of the American Southwest.
Pit-houses commonly were circular poleand-
mud-covered residences.
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| potlatch | Celebrations held by chiefs among the native
peoples of the northwest coast of North America
in which much of their wealth—in the form of
food, animals skins and furs, and so on—is distributed
to members of the group. Potlatches allowed
for the redistribution of wealth, conferred increased
status on chiefs, and, at the same time, prevented
individual chiefs from accumulating a permanent
reservoir of wealth.
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| pueblo | Apartment-house-type structure of the ancient,
and some modern, inhabitants of the American
Southwest that were constructed of adobe
brick, rubble, and shaped stone.
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| Sinagua | Literally “without water,” refers to a prehistoric
culture group in the American Southwest, especially
in central Arizona.
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| totem pole | A wooden pole, along which have been
carved and painted the images of animals or mythical
beasts that are a family’s or clan’s symbol, or
“totem.” Totem poles are emblematic of the native
peoples of the northwest coast of North America.
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education