INTRODUCTION READING (AND WRITING ABOUT) LITERATURE Reading Literature
The Pleasures of Fiction The Dog and the Shadow Learning to Be Silent
Reading the Parable in Context
The Pleasures of Poetry
Robert Frost, Dust of Snow
Reading Frost's Poem in Context
The Pleasures of Drama
Reading a Play in Context Understanding Literature:
Experience
Interpretation
Evaluation
Reading in Context Writing About Literature
Reasons for Writing About Literature
Ways of Writing About Literature
The Writing Process
Stephen Crane, War Is Kind
PART ONE: FICTION
CHAPTER 1: READING STORIES
Luke: The Prodigal Son
The Experience of Fiction
The Interpretation of Fiction
Reading in Context
The Evaluation of Fiction
John Updike A&P
The Act of Reading Fiction
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
CHAPTER 2: TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
Early Forms: Parable, Fable, and Tale
Aesop, The Wolf and the Mastiff
Petronius, The Widow of Ephesus
The Short Story
The Nonrealistic Story
The Short Novel
CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF FICTION
Plot and Structure
Frank O'Connor, Guests of the Nation
Character
Kay Boyle, Astronomer's Wife
Setting
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh
Point of View
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Language and Style
James Joyce, Araby
Theme
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Irony and Symbol
D.H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner
CHAPTER 4: WRITING ABOUT FICTION
Reasons for Writing About Fiction
Informal Ways of Writing About Fiction
Annotation
Katherine Anne Porter, Magic
Freewriting
Formal Ways of Writing About Fiction
Student Papers on Fiction
Questions for Writing about Fiction
Suggestions for Writing
CHAPTER 5: TWO FICTION WRITERS IN CONTEXT
Reading Edgar Allan Poe and Flannery O'Connor In Depth
Questions for In-Depth Reading
Edgar Allan Poe in Context
Poe and Journalism
Poe and the Horror Story
Poe and the Detective Story
The Dimension of Style
Edgar Allan Poe: Stories The Black Cat The Cask of Amontillado The Fall of the House of Usher The Purloined Letter
Writer Inspired by Edgar Allan Poe
Joyce Carol Oates, The Artist
Edgar Allan Poe: Essays
Critics on Poe
Flannery O'Connor in Context
Southern Gothic
The Catholic Dimension
O'Connor's Irony
Flannery O'Connor: Stories Good Country People A Good Man Is Hard to Find Everything That Rises Must Converge The Life You Save May Be Your Own
Writer Inspired by Flannery O'Connor
Mary Hood, How Far She Went
Flannery O'Connor: Essays and Letters
Critics on O'Connor
CHAPTER 6: A COLLECTION OF SHORT FICTION
Sherman Alexie, Indian Education
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
Charles Baxter, Gryphon
Jorge Luis Borges, The Garden of Forking Paths
TRANSLATED BY DONALD YATES
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Anton Chekhov, The Kiss
TRANSLATED BY CONSTANCE GARNETT
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Winter Dreams
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
TRANSLATED BY GREGORY RABASSA
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
Ha Jin, Taking a Husband
James Joyce, The Boarding House
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis
TRANSLATED BY ALEXIS WALKER
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Alistair MacLeod, There is a Season
Lorrie Moore, Community Life
Alice Munro, Friend of My Youth
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Frank O'Connor, My Oedipus Complex
Tillie Olson, I Stand Here Ironing
Carol Shields, Dressing Up for the Carnival
Leslie Marmon Silko, Yellow Woman
Amy Tan, Rules of the Game
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.
New Voices
Maile Meloy, Ranch Girl
Timothy A. Westmoreland, Darkening of the World
Literature in the News
Catcher in the Rye
Bad Writing
Oprah's Book Club
The Best Book in the World
PART TWO: POETRY
CHAPTER 7: READING POEMS
The Experience of Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Reading in Context
The Interpretation of Poetry
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Reading in Context
The Evaluation of Poetry
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
The Act of Reading Poetry
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
CHAPTER 8: TYPES OF POETRY
Narrative Poetry
Lyric Poetry
CHAPTER 9: ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Voice: Speaker and Tone
Stephen Crane, War Is Kind
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Muriel Stuart, In the Orchard
Gerard Manley Hopkins, [Thou art indeed just, Lord]
Anonymous, Western Wind
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Jacques Prevert, Family Portrait
Diction
William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
William Wordsworth, It is a beauteous evening
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Adrienne Rich, Rape
Imagery
Elizabeth Bishop, First Death in Nova Scotia
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Robert Browning, Meeting at Night
H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), Heat
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
Figures of Speech: Simile and Metaphor
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou may'st in me behold
John Donne, Hymn to God the Father
Robert Wallace, The Double-Play
Louis Simpson, The Battle
Judith Wright, Woman to Child
Symbolism and Allegory
Peter Meinke, Advice to My Son
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
William Blake, A Poison Tree
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken
George Herbert, Virtue
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death
Syntax
John Donne, The Sun Rising
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed
William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death
Robert Frost, The Silken Tent
e.e. cummings, Me up at does
Stevie Smith, Mother Among the Dustbins
Sound: Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance
Gerard Manley Hopkins, In the Valley of the Elwy
Thomas Hardy, During Wind and Rain
Alexander Pope, Sound and Sense
Bob McKenty, Adam's Song
May Swenson, The Universe
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
Rhythm and Meter
Robert Frost, The Span of Life
George Gordon, Lord Byron The Destruction of Sennacherib
Anne Sexton, Her Kind
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Structure: Closed Form and Open Form
William Shakespeare, That tmie of year thou may'st in me behold
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Walt Whitman, When I heard the learn'd astronomer
e. e. cummings, el(a
e. e. cummings, [Buffalo Bill's]
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Denise Levertov, O Taste and See
Theodore Roethke, The Waking
C. P. Cavafy, The City
Translated by Edmund Keeley and Phillip Sherrard
Theme
Emily Dickinson, Crumbling is not an instant's Act
CHAPTER 10: TRANSFORMATIONS Revisions
William Blake, London
William Butler Yeats, A Dream of Death
Emily Dickinson, The Wind begun to knead (rock) the Grass
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
Langston Hughes, Ballad of Booker T. Parodies
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
Kenneth Koch, Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Carrion Comfort
Gary Layne Hatch, Terrier Torment; or, Mr.Hopkins and His Dog
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day
Robert Frost, Dust of Snow
Bob McKenty, Snow on Frost Poems and Paintings
Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
Francesco de Goya, The Third of May, 1808
David Gewanter Goya's The Third of May, 1808
Pieter Breughel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts
Pieter Breughel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow
Joseph Langland, Hunters in the Snow
William Blake, The Sick Rose (watercolor)
William Blake, The Sick Rose (poem)
Henri Matisse, Dance
Natalie Safir, Matisse's Dance
Cathy Song, Girl Powdering Her Neck
Kitagawa Utamaro, Girl Powdering Her Neck
Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman with a Water Jug
Stephen Mitchell, Vermeer
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase
X.J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase
Gustav Klimt, The Kiss
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Short Story on a Painting of Gustav Klimt
John Everett Millais, Ophelia
E.J. Bellocq, Ophelia
Natasha Trethewey, Bellocq's Ophelia
Lun-Yi Tsai, Disbelief
Lucille Clifton, Tuesday 9/11/01
CHAPTER 11: WRITING ABOUT POETRY Reasons for Writing About Poetry Informal Ways of Writing About Poetry
Annotation
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Freewriting
Robert Graves, Symptoms of Love Formal Ways of Writing About Poetry
Sylvia Plath, Mirror Student Papers on Poetry Questions for Writing about Poetry Suggestions for Writing
CHAPTER 12: THREE POETS IN CONTEXT Reading Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes in Depth Questions for In-Depth Reading Emily Dickinson in Context
The Nineteenth-Century New England Literary Scene
Dickinson and Modern Poetry
Dickinson and Christianity
Dickinson's Style Emily Dickinson: Poems
Emily Dickinson, I cannot dance upon my Toes
Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society 199 I'm "wife"--I've finished that 258 There's a certain Slant of light 341 After great pain, a formal feeling comes 214 I taste a liquor never brewed 348 I dreaded that first Robin, so 986 A narrow Fellow in the Grass 1068 Further in Summer than the Birds 536 The Heart asks Pleasure—first 599 There is a pain--so utter 650 Pain--has an element of Blank 744 Remorse--is Memory—awake 280 I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 419 We grow accustomed to the Dark 449 I died for Beauty--but was scarce 465 I heard a Fly buzz--when I died 1078 The Bustle in a House 1100 The last Night that She lived 675 Essentials Oils—are wrung— 328 Some keep the Sabbath going to Church 632 The brain is wider than the sky 1624 Apparently with no surprise 249 Wild Nights--Wild Nights! 1732 My life closed twice before its close 241 I like a look of Agony 435 Much Madness is divinest Sense 1129 Tell all the Truth but tell it slant 585 I like to see it lap the Miles 754 My Life had stood--a Loaded Gun 1463 A Route of Evanescence Three Dickinson Poems with Altered Punctuation Poets Inspired by Dickinson
Jane Kenyon, Notes from the Other Side
Jane Hirshfield, Three Times My Life Has Opened
Billy Collins, Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes
Linda Pastan, Emily Dickinson
Kay Ryan, Crash Dickinson on Herself and her First Poems Critics on Dickinson
Robert Frost in Context
Frost and Popularity
Frost and Nature
Frost and the Sonnet
Frost's Voices Robert Frost: Poems The Tuft of Flowers Mending Wall Birches Home Burial Putting in the Seed Two Look at Two Fire and Ice Acquainted with the Night Tree at my Window Departmental Desert Places Design Provide, Provide The Most of It Poets Inspired by Frost
Edward Thomas, When First
W.S. Merwin, Unknown Bird
Seamus Heaney, The Forge
Neal Bowers, Driving Lessons Critical Comments by Frost Critics on Frost Langston Hughes in Context
The Harlem Renaissance
Hughes and Music
Hughes's Influences
Hughes's Style Langston Hughes: Poems
Same In Blues Dream Deferred The Negro Speaks of Rivers Mother to Son I, Too My People The Weary Blues Young Gal's Blues Morning After Trumpet Player Dream Boogie Madam and the Rent Man Theme for English #B Aunt Sue's Stories Let America Be America Again Poets Inspired by Hughes
Rita Dove, Testimonial
Michael Harper, Martin's Blues
Dudley Randall, The Ballad of Birmingham
Kevin Young, Langston Hughes Hughes on Harlem, the Blues Critics on Hughes
CHAPTER 13: A COLLECTION OF POEMS A Selection of Classic Poems
Anonymous, Barbara Allan
Anonymous, Edward, Edward
William Blake, The Clod & the Pebble
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
William Blake, The Garden of Love
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How do I Love Thee?
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
Samule Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
John Donne, Song
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidden Mourning
John Donne, The Flea
John Donne, Death, be not proud
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Thomas Hardy, Afterwards
George Herbert, The Altar
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete, Dying Young
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
Ben Jonson, Song: To Celia
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Man
William Shakespeare, When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
William Shakespeare, Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Edmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strand
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
Walt Whitman, One's Self I Sing
Walt Whitman, A noiseless patient spider
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me A Selection of Modern Poems
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
W. H. Auden, In Memory of W. B. Yeats
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939
Gwendolyn Brooks, We real cool
Gwendolyn Brooks, First fight. Then fiddle.
Gwendolyn Brooks, Song in the Front Yard
Countee Cullen, Incident
e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
e. e. cummings, I thank You God for most this amazing
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We wear the mask
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
D. H. Lawrence, Humming-bird
D. H. Lawrence, Snake
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York
Marianne Moore, Poetry
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Sylvia Plath, Blackberrying
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Sylvia Plath, Morning Song
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter
Ezra Pound, The Garden
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
Siegfried Sassoon, 'They'
Anne Sexton, Two Hands
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
May Swenson, Women
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Jean Toomer, Reapers
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, Dance Russe
William Carlos Williams, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
Richard Wilbur, The Death of a Toad
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota
James Wright, A Blessing
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
William Butler Yeats, The Wild Swans at Coole
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old A Selection of Contemporary Poems
Diane Ackerman, Spiders
Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Song #1
Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Song #2
Margaret Atwood, This is a Photograph of Me
Jimmy Santiago Baca, from Meditations on the South Valley XVII
Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Ogoun
Raymond Carver, Photograph of My Father in his Twenty-Second Year
Lucille Clifton, Homage to My Hips
Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Game
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Billy Collins, The History Lesson
Billy Collins, My Number
Wendy Cope, The Ted Williams Villanelle
Gregory Corso, Marriage
Mark Doty, Golden Retrievals
Rita Dove, Canary
Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
Nikki Giovanni, Ego Tripping
Nikki Giovanni, Nikki Rosa
Donald Hall, My son, my executioner
Robert Hass, Meditation at Lagunitas
Seamus Heaney, Digging
Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break
Michael Hogan, Kickoff
Aron Keesbury, To Waist
Jane Kenyon, Peonies at Dusk
Jane Kenyon, Otherwise
Jane Kenyon, Let Evening Come
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
Michael Longley, The Butchers
Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire
Paul Muldoon, Lag
Sharon Olds, Size and Sheer Will
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Sharon Olds, 35/10
Robert F. Panara, On His Deafness
Linda Pastan, Ethics
Alberto Rios, A Dream of Husbands
Kraft Rompf, Waiting Table
Gertrude Schnackenberg, Signs
Cathy Song, Lost Sister
Gary Soto, Behind Grandma's House
Krishna Tateneni, Blindness
Baron Wormser, Friday Night
Poetry of the World
Yehuda Amichai (Israel), A Pity. We Were Such a Good Invention
(Translated by Assia Gutmann)
Chairil Anwar (Indonesia) At the Mosque
(Translated by Burton Rafael)
Matsuo Basho (Japan) Three Haiku
(Translated by Robert Hass)
Rosario Castellanos (Mexico) Chess
(Translated by Maureen Ahern)
Bei Dao (China) Declaration
(Translated by Bonnie McDougall)
Zbigniew Herbert (Poland) Pebble
(Translated by Czeslaw Milosz and Peter Dale Scott)
Osip Mandelstam (Russia) The Stalin Epigram
(Translated by Clarence Brown and W.S. Merwin)
Czeslaw Milosz (Poland), A Song on the End of the World
(Translated by Anthony Milosz)
Pablo Neruda (Chile) Ode to My Socks
(Translated by Robert Bly)
Boris Pasternak (Russia), Hamlet
(Translated by Jon Stallworthy and Peter France)
A.K. Ramanujan (India), Pleasure
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria), Hamlet
Derek Walcott (Caribbean), Sea Grapes New Voices
Kay Ryan Mockingbird Your Face Will Stick Blandeur All Shall Be Restored
Simon Armitage Zoom Poem Drawing the Arctic Circle On an Owd Piktcha
Literature in the News
Billy Collins, The Bard of Simple Things
Celebrating Poetry: National Poetry Day/Month
September 11th: American Poets Respond
Aliki Barnstone, Making Love After September 11, 2001
Bart Edelman, Coat of Sorrow
Alicia Ostriker, The window, at the moment of flame
Billy Collins, Names PART THREE: DRAMA
CHAPTER 14: READING PLAYS
The Experience of Drama
Isabella Augusta Persse, Lady Gregory The Rising of the Moon
The Interpretation of Drama
The Evaluation of Drama
CHAPTER 15: TYPES OF DRAMA
Tragedy
Comedy
CHAPTER 16: ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Plot
Character
Dialogue
Subtext
Staging
Symbolism and Irony
Theme
CHAPTER 17: WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
Reasons for Writing about Drama
Informal Ways of Writing About Drama
Annotation
Double-Column Notebook
Formal Ways of Writing About Drama
Student Papers on Drama
Questions for Writing About Drama
Questions for In-Depth Reading
Suggestions for Writing
CHAPTER 18: THE GREEK THEATER: SOPHOCLES
Reading Sophocles in Context
Athens in the Golden Age
Greek Tragedy
Sophocles and His Works
Oedipus the King
Sophocles, Oedipus Rex (Translated by Dudley Fitts and
Robert Fitzgerald)
Critics on Sophocles
CHAPTER 19: THE ELIZABETHAN THEATER: SHAKESPEARE
Reading Shakespeare in Context
London in the Age of Elizabeth
The Arts in the Age of Elizabeth
Stagecraft in the Elizabethan Age
Shakespeare and His Works
William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Othello
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Critics on Shakespeare
Literature in the News:
In Love with Shakespeare
hakespeare and Sexuality
CHAPTER 20: THE MODERN REALISTIC THEATER: IBSEN
Reading Ibsen in Context
Realism
A Note on the Theater of the Absurd
Ibsen, Exile, and Change
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House
TRANSLATED BY ROLF FJELDE
CHAPTER 21: A COLLECTION OF MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY PLAYS
Anton Chekhov, A Marriage Proposal
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly
Eugene Ionesco, The Gap
Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
Wendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer
Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest
August Wilson, Fences New Voices
Mary Gallagher Brother
Warren Leight The Final Interrogation of Ceausescu's Dog
PART FOUR: RESEARCH AND CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 22: WRITING WITH SOURCES
Why Do Research About Literature
Clarifying the Assignment
Selecting a Topic
Finding and Using Sources
Using Computerized Databases
Using the Internet for Research
Developing a Critical Perspective
Developing a Thesis
Drafting and Revising
Conventions
Documenting Sources
Documenting Electronic Sources
Alternative Documentation Style: Endnotes and Footnotes
A Student Essay Using One Source as a Stimulus
Sample Research Papers
CHAPTER 23: CRITICAL THEORY: APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LITERATURE
Readings for Analysis
William Carlos Williams, The Use of Force (story)
Emily Dickinson, I'm "wife" —I've finished that (poem)
The Canon and the Curriculum
Formalist Perspectives
Biographical Perspectives
Historical Perspectives
Psychological Perspectives
Feminist and Marxist Perspectives
Reader-Response Perspectives
Mythological Perspectives
Structuralist Perspectives
Deconstructive Perspectives
Cultural Studies Perspectives
Using Critical Perspectives as Heuristics
Appendix: Poets' Lives
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Index
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