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1 | |
The factor researchers use to predict the outcome of a research study is the: |
| | A) | hypothesis. |
| | B) | independent variable. |
| | C) | dependent variable. |
| | D) | operationalization. |
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2 | |
The way that researchers measure or manipulate the variables of interest in a study is the: |
| | A) | hypothesis. |
| | B) | independent variable. |
| | C) | dependent variable. |
| | D) | operationalization. |
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3 | |
In a research study, the sample is ideally _____. |
| | A) | statistically significant |
| | B) | representative |
| | C) | high on internal validity |
| | D) | operationalized |
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4 | |
A major problem for correlational studies is that: |
| | A) | they cannot establish whether one variable causes another. |
| | B) | they suffer from a low level of external validity. |
| | C) | they can be difficult to conduct ethically. |
| | D) | they involve random assignment to a condition. |
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5 | |
Researchers administer measures of alcohol use and impulsivity to incoming college students during their orientation to a university. They predict that higher levels of impulsivity will be associated with increased alcohol consumption. This type of study is a: |
| | A) | group comparison study. |
| | B) | longitudinal study. |
| | C) | continuous variable study. |
| | D) | longitudinal group comparison study. |
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6 | |
Which of the following is not a problem for cross-cultural research? |
| | A) | It might be difficult to gain access to a culture you want to study. |
| | B) | It can be difficult to translate assessment tools into other languages. |
| | C) | Some cultures may respond differently to interactions with researchers. |
| | D) | Cultures can differ greatly on psychological variables. |
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7 | |
Which of the following statements is true? |
| | A) | No single study can definitively prove a hypothesis correct. |
| | B) | Results that are statistically significant support the null hypothesis. |
| | C) | Results that support the null hypothesis disprove the primary hypothesis. |
| | D) | Variables must be operationalized before they can be defined. |
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8 | |
Researchers studying the relationship between intelligence and frequency of watching sports find that questionnaires measuring these variables are correlated .30, p > .05. This suggests that: |
| | A) | As intelligence increases, sports watching tends to decrease, and this finding is likely not due to chance alone. |
| | B) | As intelligence decreases, sports watching tends to increase, but this finding is likely due to chance alone. |
| | C) | As intelligence increases, sports watching also increases, and these findings are likely not due to chance alone. |
| | D) | There is no relationship between intelligence and sports watching, because the correlation is not statistically significant. |
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9 | |
Working from most general to most specific (from left to right), which ranking of terms is accurate? |
| | A) | theory--hypothesis--operationalization |
| | B) | operationalization--theory--hypothesis |
| | C) | theory--operationalization--hypothesis |
| | D) | hypothesis--theory--operationalization |
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10 | |
Which type of study, if done correctly, may establish a causal relationship? |
| | A) | correlational studies |
| | B) | longitudinal studies |
| | C) | cross-sectional studies |
| | D) | therapy outcome studies. |
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11 | |
Which of the following are used to prevent demand effects? |
| | A) | process debriefings |
| | B) | filler measures |
| | C) | third variables |
| | D) | placebo control groups |
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12 | |
An advantage of both human laboratory and therapy outcome studies is: |
| | A) | they do not involve statistical significance tests. |
| | B) | they have good internal validity. |
| | C) | they involve very few ethical issues. |
| | D) | they do not involve random assignment to condition. |
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13 | |
Which of the following is used to increase external validity? |
| | A) | statistical significance tests |
| | B) | random assignment |
| | C) | random sampling |
| | D) | matching |
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14 | |
To rule out third variables, a researcher should: |
| | A) | use statistical significance tests. |
| | B) | conduct a longitudinal study. |
| | C) | use random assignment. |
| | D) | attempt to increase external validity. |
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15 | |
To prevent demand effects, a researcher should: |
| | A) | Conduct an analogue study. |
| | B) | Use a process debriefing. |
| | C) | Use a placebo control group. |
| | D) | Conduct a double-blind experiment. |
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16 | |
The use of which of the following is most controversial in therapy outcome studies? |
| | A) | matching |
| | B) | placebo control groups |
| | C) | random sampling |
| | D) | demand characteristics |
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17 | |
Which of the following is not an advantage of case studies? |
| | A) | They capture the uniqueness of an individual. |
| | B) | They help generate new ideas and provide tentative support for those ideas. |
| | C) | They are very likely to be replicated. |
| | D) | They are sometimes the only way to study rare problems. |
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18 | |
Whether a correlation is statistically significant depends primarily upon which of the following? |
| | A) | The researcher's use of a random sample. |
| | B) | The researcher's matching of experimental and control groups on important variables. |
| | C) | Whether it is positive or negative. |
| | D) | The size of the sample used by the researcher. |
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19 | |
Which of the following statements about Janice Egeland's study of the Amish is true? |
| | A) | The Amish varied greatly in education and income status and were therefore difficult to study. |
| | B) | The manifestations of depression and mania were different in the Amish. |
| | C) | The Amish were poor candidates for genetic studies of mood disorders, although much was still learned by studying them. |
| | D) | The researchers violated ethical guidelines by studying the Amish because they did not wish to be studied by outsiders. |
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20 | |
Which of the following is not a right of research subjects? |
| | A) | The right to understand the nature of the research in which you are participating. |
| | B) | Confidentiality of your identity and information gathered from you. |
| | C) | Refusal to participate in the study. |
| | D) | The right to participate in subsequent studies after completing the current one. |
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