Chapter 1: What is Psychology?
Prologue
- Psych and Science = Psychology
Definition of Psychology
Goals of Psychology
- The Many Viewpoints in Psychology and Their Origins
Nature of Conscious Experience
Functions of the Conscious Mind
Psychometrics: Alfred Binet
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory
The Nature of the “Unconscious Mind”
- Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Neuroscience Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective—NEW!
Positive Psychology—NEW!
-Specialty Areas of Modern Psychology
Basic Areas of Modern Psychology
Applied Areas of Modern Psychology
Relationship Between Psychology and Psychiatry
What We Know About Human Behavior: Some Starting Places
Summary
Resources
Visual Review of Historical Time Line
Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology
Prologue
- Basic Concepts of Research
Empirical Evidence and Operational Definitions—NEW! Theories and Hypotheses
Representativeness of Samples
Importance of Replication in Research
- Research Methods
Descriptive Studies
Formal Experiments
- Ethical Principles of Research
Ethics of Research with Human Participants
Ethics of Research with Nonhuman Animals
Application of Psychology: Design Your Own Formal Experiment
Summary
Resources
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior Prologue
- Nervous System: Biological Control Center
Neurons: The Units of the Nervous System
- Divisions of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Structures and Functions of the Brain
Images of the Brain at Work
Hindbrain and Midbrain: Housekeeping Chores and Reflexes
Forebrain: Cognition, Motivation, Emotion, and Action
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Functions of the Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex
The Brain Is a Developing System—NEW!
The Brain is an Interacting System
- Endocrine System: Chemical Messengers of the Body
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Islets of Langerhans
Gonads
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Pineal Gland
- Genetic Influences on Behavior
What is Inherited?
Biological Mechanisms of Inheritance: Genetic Codes
Research on Inheritance in Humans
Application of Psychology: Madness and the Brain
Summary
Resources
PART II: AWARENESS
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
Prologue
- Sensation: Receiving Messages About the World
Stimuli: What Messages Can Be Received?
Transduction: Translating Messages for the Brain
Sensory Limits: How Strong Must Messages Be?
- Vision: Your Human Camera
Light: What is it?
The Eye: How Does It Work?
Dark and Light Adaptation
Color Vision
- Hearing: Sensing Sound Waves
Sound: What is it?
The Ear: How Does It Work?
- Body Senses: Messages From Myself
Orientation and Movement
Skin Senses
Pain
- Chemical Senses: The Flavors and Aromas of Life
Taste
Smell
Pheromone Detection
- Perception: Interpreting Sensory Messages
Visual Perception
Individual and Cultural Influences on Perception
Application of Psychology: Visual Perception, Illusion, and Art
Summary
Resources
Visual Review of the Sense Organs
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Prologue
- Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness—REVISED! Daydreams
Divided Consciousness: Being Two Places (Mentally) at the Same Time
The Concept of the Unconscious Mind
- Sleep and Dreams: Conscious While Asleep—REVISED! Stages of Sleep REM Sleep and Dreams
Non-REM Sleep and Dreams
Circadian Rhythms
Content of Dreams
Meaning of Dreams
Reasons for Sleep and Dreams
Nightmares and Other Sleep Phenomena
Sleep Disorders
- Altered States of Consciousness—REVISED! Meditation
Hypnosis
Depersonalization
- Drugs and Altered Consciousness
Drug Use: Some Basic Considerations
Psychotropic Drugs
Application of Psychology: The Legal Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Summary
Resources
PART III: LEARNING AND COGNITION
Chapter 6: Basic Principles of Learning
Prologue
Definition of Learning
- Classical Conditioning: Learning By Association
Association: The Key Element in Classical Conditioning
Terminology of Classical Conditioning
Definition of Classical Conditioning
Importance of Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning: Learning From the Consequences of Your Behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization
- Extinction: Learning When to Quit
Removing the Source of Learning
Spontaneous Recovery and Disinhibition
- Theoretical Interpretations of Learning
Cognition or Connection?
Modeling: Learning by Watching Others
Biological Factors in Learning
Application of Psychology: Learning to Be Superstitious
Summary
Resources
Chapter 7: Memory
Prologue
- Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View
Sensory Register
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Levels of Processing: An Alternative to the Stage Model
- Forgetting and Why It Occurs
Decay Theory
Interference Theory
Reconstruction (Schema) Theory
Motivated Forgetting
- Biological Basis of Memory—REVISED! Synaptic Theories of Memory: Search for the Engram
Stages of Memory and the Brain
Amnesia: Disorders of Memory
Application of Psychology: Eyewitness Testimony and Memory
Summary
Resources
Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Prologue
Definition of Cognition
- Concepts: The Basic Units of Thinking—REVISED! Simple and Complex Concepts
Natural Concepts
- Thinking and Problem Solving: Using Information to Reach Goals
Cognitive Operations in Problem Solving
Understanding and Organizing the Elements of the Problem
Heuristic Thinking
Artificial Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving: Convergent and Divergent Thinking
- Language: Symbolic Communication
Semantics: The Meaning of What Is Said
Generative Property of Language: Elements and Rules
Language and Thought: The Whorfian Hypothesis
Animal Languages: Can We Talk to the Animals?
- Intelligence: The Sum Total of Cognition
Differing Views of Intelligence
Measures of Intelligence: The IQ Test
Tacit Intelligence
Individual Differences in Intelligence: Contributing Factors
The Importance of Intelligence Scores in Modern Society
Are People Becoming More Intelligent?
Race-Ethnic Differences in Intelligence and Achievement: The Narrowing Gap
“The Bell Curve”: Policy Implications of Differences in Intelligence
Extremes in Intelligence: Mental Retardation and Giftedness
Application of Psychology: Improving Critical Thinking
Summary
Resources
PART IV: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology
Prologue
- Basic Processes of Development
Nature or Nurture?
Maturation
Early Experience and Critical Periods
Variations in Development: Getting There at Different Times
- Stage Theories of Development
Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
Stage Theories of Moral Development
Erikson’s Stage Theory of Personality Development
- The Concept of Development Across the Life Span
- Development in Infancy and Childhood
Neonatal Period: The Newborn
Infancy: 2 Weeks to 2 Years
Early Childhood: 2 to 7 Years
Middle Childhood: 7 to 11 Years
- Adolescent Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development (Formal Operational Stage)
Emotional and Social Development
- Adulthood: Young Adulthood Through Older Adulthood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional and Social Development
Death and Dying: The Final “Stage”
Application of Psychology: Parenting
Summary
Resources
PART V: THE SELF
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
Prologue
- Definitions of Motivation and Emotion
- Primary Motives: Biological Needs
Homeostasis: Biological Thermostats
Hunger: The Regulation of Food Intake
Thirst: The Regulation of Water Intake
- Psychological Motives
Stimulus Motivation: Seeking Novel Stimulation
Affiliation Motivation
Achievement Motivation
Solomon’s Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motives
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives
- Emotions
Three Theories of Emotion
The Physiology of Emotion and Lie Detectors
Role of Learning and Culture in Emotions
The Pursuit of Happiness—NEW!
- Aggression: Emotional and Motivational Aspects
Freud’s Instinct Theory: The Release of Aggressive Energy
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Social Learning Theory
Application of Psychology: Should You Try to Lose Weight? If So, How?
Summary
Resources
Chapter 11: Gender and Sexuality
Prologue
- Gender and Sexual Orientation
Gender Identity and Gender Roles
Gender Similarities and Gender Differences
Development of Gender Identity and Roles
Sexual Orientation
- Biological and Psychological Aspects of Sexuality
Sexual Anatomy and Functioning
Sexual Motivation
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Patterns of Sexual Behavior
- Atypical and Abnormal Sexual Behavior
Transvestism and Transsexualism
Fetishism
Sexual Sadism and Masochism
Forced Sexual Behavior
Sexual Harassment
- Sexual Dysfunction Sexual Health
Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire
Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal
Orgasm Dysfunctions
Health Problems Related to Sexual Anatomy
Application of Psychology: Date Rape
Summary
Resources
Chapter 12: Personality Theories and Assessment
Prologue
- Definition of Personality
- Trait Theory: Describing the Consistencies of Personality
Allport’s Trait Theory
Five-Factor Trait Theory
Validation of Personality Trait Theory
- Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
Freud’s Mind: Three Levels of Consciousness
Freud’s Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego
Displacement and Identification: Becoming a Member of Society
Growing Up: The Stages of Psychosexual Development
Theories Derived from Psychoanalysis
- Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura
Role of Learning in Personality
Role of Cognition in Personality
Situationism and Interactionism
- Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers
Inner-Directedness and Subjectivity
The Self-Concept
Self-Actualization
Humanism Compared with Classic Psychoanalysis and Social Learning Theory
Contemporary Merging of the Major Theories of Personality
- Personality Assessment: Taking a Measure of the Person
Interviews and Observational Methods
Projective Personality Tests
Objective Personality Tests
Evaluation of Personality Tests
Application of Psychology: Situational Influences on Personality in Everyday Life
Summary
Resources
PART VI: HEALTH AND ADJUSTMENT
Chapter 13: Stress and Health
Prologue
- Stress: Challenges to Coping
Sources of Stress
Stress Reactions
- Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress
Prior Experience with the Stress
Developmental Factors
Predictability and Control
Social Support
Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Cognition and Personality
Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Gender and Ethnicity—REVISED!
- Coping with Stress
Effective Coping
Ineffective Coping
- Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns
Learning to Relax
Eating Right, Exercising, and Doing Just What the Doctor Ordered
Safety Management—NEW!
- Summing Up: How Beneficial Could Health Psychology Be?
Psychology and the Cost of Health Care
Application of Psychology: Prevention and Management of AIDS
Summary
Resources
Chapter 14: Abnormal Behavior
Prologue
- Definition of Abnormal Behavior
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior
Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
The Concept of Insanity
- Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
- Somatoform Disorders
Somatization Disorders and Hypochondriasis
Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders
· Dissociative Disorders
Depersonalization
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality)
· Mood Disorders
Major Depression
Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder
Schizophrenia
Delusional Disorder
- Personality Disorders
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Other Personality Disorders
Application of Psychology: Psychology and Civil Liberties
Summary
Resources
Chapter 15: Therapies
Prologue
- Definition of Psychotherapy
- Ethical Standards for Psychotherapy
- Psychoanalysis
Techniques of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Catharsis
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression
- Humanistic Psychotherapy
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Gestalt Psychotherapy
- Behavior Therapy—REVISED! Fear Reduction Methods
Social Skills Training
- Cognitive Therapy
Relationship Between Cognition and Behavior
Maladaptive Cognitions
- Other Approaches and Models of Therapy—REVISED! Feminist Psychotherapy
Group Therapy
Family Therapy
Medical Therapies
Application of Psychology: What to Do If You Think You Need Help
Summary
Resources
PART VII: SOCIAL CONTEXT
Chapter 16: Social Psychology Prologue
- Definition of Social Psychology
- Groups and Social Influence
Lynch Mobs
Uninvolved Bystanders
Working and Solving Problems in Groups
Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience
The Positive Side of Groups
- Attitudes and Persuasion
Origins of Attitudes
Persuasion and Attitude Change
Behavior and Attitude Change: Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Prejudice and Stereotypes
- Interpersonal Attraction: Friendship and Love
Person Perception
General Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction
Maintaining Relationships
Application of Psychology: Stereotypes and Discrimination in the Workplace
Summary
Resources
Chapter 17: Psychology Applied to Business and Other Professions
Prologue
- Applied Fields of Psychology
- Psychology and Work: Employees and Managers Are People
Employee Selection and Evaluation
Validity of Job Selection Measures
Fairness in Employee Selection
Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity
Leadership
Psychology of the Entrepreneur—NEW! Human Factors Engineering
Health Psychology in the Workplace
Other Applications of Psychology to the Workplace
- Environmental Psychology
Office and Workspace Design
Architectural Design of Living Units
Environmental Protection—NEW!
- Psychology and Law: The Behavior of Juries and Witnesses
Characteristics of Defendants and Plaintiffs
Characteristics of Jury Members
Psychological Factors in Presenting Evidence
Interrogating Criminal Suspects
- Psychology and Education: Better Teaching and Testing
Mastery Learning and Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Project Follow Through: Educating Economically Disadvantaged Children
Person x Situation Interaction in the Classroom
Criterion-Referenced Testing
Mainstreaming: Education for Persons with Special Needs
Summary
Resources
Appendix: Measurement and Statistics
Glossary
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2004 McGraw-Hill Higher Education