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1 | |
According to your textbook, psychology is best defined as the ____. |
| | A) | study of people's subjective mental lives |
| | B) | scientific study of behavior and its causes |
| | C) | examination of unconscious factors |
| | D) | study of personality |
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2 | |
Dr. Antonini is a psychologist who works in the area of animal behavior. She has a particular interest in crows and her research is primarily aimed at gaining more information about the behaviors of these birds, such as their mating habits, eating rituals, and so on. Dr. Antonini's research is best categorized as ____ research. |
| | A) | applied |
| | B) | basic |
| | C) | insight |
| | D) | interaction |
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3 | |
The jigsaw program (Aronson et al., 1978) reduced inter-group conflict because ____. |
| | A) | working together on jigsaw puzzles created more cooperation |
| | B) | cooperative experiences only increase inter-group conflict |
| | C) | the groups of children were required to cooperate in order to reach a goal that a group could not reach alone |
| | D) | groups almost always prefer to cooperate than to fight each other |
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4 | |
Dr. Schmidt is a psychologist who is interested in studying aggression in sports. For his research, he attends high school basketball games and records the number of aggressive acts he observes. Dr. Schmidt's research is best viewed as meeting the ____ goal of psychology. |
| | A) | description |
| | B) | understanding |
| | C) | prediction |
| | D) | control |
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5 | |
Two psychologists are discussing ideas for research on depression. Dr. Kahn believes that the disorder is biologically based and that research should focus on identifying and treating these biological factors. In contrast, Dr. Lee asserts that cognitions and thoughts are stronger causes of the disorder, and believes that research should focus on identifying the key thoughts associated with depression and on effectively changing these thoughts. This difference in opinion can most likely be attributed to the psychologists' different ____. |
| | A) | personalities |
| | B) | educational backgrounds |
| | C) | genes |
| | D) | psychological perspectives |
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6 | |
To explain Ray's extreme shyness around women, a psychologist oriented to the ____ perspective might explore whether Ray is unconsciously afraid of his sexual impulses, and therefore avoids putting himself into dating situations where he would have to confront those hidden impulses. |
| | A) | structural |
| | B) | psychodynamic |
| | C) | evolutionary |
| | D) | biological |
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7 | |
Monists believed that ____. |
| | A) | the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws |
| | B) | the biological perspective was wrong |
| | C) | mental events are a product of physical events in the brain |
| | D) | the love of money is the root of all evil |
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8 | |
Karl Lashley investigated the brain mechanisms involved in learning by ____. |
| | A) | applying electrical current to the severed leg of a frog and finding that the leg moved |
| | B) | measuring the neurological differences between smart and dumb mice |
| | C) | observing EEG activity in trained an untrained animals |
| | D) | observing ways in which surgically produced lesions in animals' brains affected their learning and memory |
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9 | |
The idea that any inheritable characteristic that increases the likelihood of survival will be maintained in the species because individuals having the characteristic will be more likely to survive and reproduce is known as ____. |
| | A) | evolution |
| | B) | sociobiology |
| | C) | natural selection |
| | D) | behavioral genetics |
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10 | |
In extreme circumstances, parents will sometimes sacrifice their lives in order to ensure the survival of their children. A sociobiologist would argue that these instances ____. |
| | A) | are due to innate altruistic drives within every human being |
| | B) | occur because genetic survival (of members of the species who share the parent's genes) is more important than individual survival |
| | C) | are due to the conflict between unconscious psychological forces and psychological defenses |
| | D) | occur because of the reinforcement of altruistic behavior by culture and society |
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11 | |
The study of both identical and fraternal twins in an attempt to understand behavior is used primarily by ____. |
| | A) | behavior genetics |
| | B) | evolutionary psychology |
| | C) | sociobiology |
| | D) | the cognitive perspective |
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12 | |
The approach known as ____ attempted to analyze the mind in terms of its basic elements. |
| | A) | functionalism |
| | B) | structuralism |
| | C) | Gestalt psychology |
| | D) | insight psychology |
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13 | |
Gestalt psychology is concerned with _____. |
| | A) | biological influences on behavior |
| | B) | environmental determinants of behavior |
| | C) | how elements of experience are organized into meaningful wholes |
| | D) | artificial intelligence |
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14 | |
Psychologists who study artificial intelligence are most interested in studying ____. |
| | A) | the environmental determinants of behavior |
| | B) | the biological influences on behavior |
| | C) | intelligence in nonhuman primates |
| | D) | computer models of complex human thought |
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15 | |
A cognitive psychologist approaches the long-standing conflict between the Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland by focusing on the idea that what members of each group consider "reality" is largely their own mental creation. This psychologist most likely adheres to the _____ cognitive viewpoint. |
| | A) | artificial intelligence |
| | B) | cognitive neuroscience |
| | C) | introspection |
| | D) | social constructivism |
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16 | |
Freud speculated that because sexual desires and needs in childhood are punished, we learn to fear them and become anxious when we are aware of their presence. This leads us to develop ____, psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences. |
| | A) | denials |
| | B) | defense mechanisms |
| | C) | phobias |
| | D) | neurotransmitters |
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17 | |
A study of the importance of being in love with a potential marriage partner, students from economically disadvantaged countries with ____ cultures were less likely than others to view love as a prerequisite to marriage. |
| | A) | Communist |
| | B) | individualistic |
| | C) | Buddhist |
| | D) | collectivistic |
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18 | |
Freud's psychoanalytic theory ____. |
| | A) | has had no effect on contemporary psychological theory |
| | B) | continues to influence both basic and applied psychology |
| | C) | continues to influence basic but not applied psychology |
| | D) | is still considered infallible by nearly all of today's psychologists |
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19 | |
People associated with the philosophical perspective of British empiricism ____. |
| | A) | view observation as a more valid approach to knowledge than reasoning |
| | B) | view reasoning as a more valid approach to knowledge than observation |
| | C) | believe that internal factors are the major determinants of human behavior |
| | D) | assume that most human behavior is motivated by unconscious forces |
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20 | |
A psychologist, Dr. Washington, is being interviewed on a local news program regarding the recent problems with school violence. Dr. Washington proposes that we need to change the environments in which our children are being raised by more heavily reinforcing the behaviors we want them to exhibit. Dr. Washington is most likely associated with the ____ psychological perspective. |
| | A) | humanistic |
| | B) | psychodynamic |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | behavioral |
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21 | |
The psychological school of thought that emphasizes control of behavior through controlling the environment is known as ____. |
| | A) | behaviorism |
| | B) | cognitivism |
| | C) | psychodynamism |
| | D) | Gestalt psychology |
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22 | |
Sara is having trouble with anxiety and is working with a psychotherapist to address this problem. The therapist teaches Sara 1) how to change her anxiety-provoking thoughts and 2) how to change her environment so that it reinforces the new behaviors she wants to learn. Sara's therapist is most likely associated with the ____ area of psychology. |
| | A) | humanistic |
| | B) | psychodynamic |
| | C) | sociocultural |
| | D) | cognitive-behavioral |
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23 | |
The ____ perspective tends to ignore mental processes because they are not directly observable. In contrast, the ____ perspective acknowledges the importance of both the environment and internal mental processes in determining behavior. |
| | A) | cognitive-behavioral; behavioral |
| | B) | humanistic; cognitive |
| | C) | behavioral; cognitive |
| | D) | behavioral; cognitive-behavioral |
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24 | |
Nguyen is working with a psychotherapist who pays a great deal of attention to how he finds personal meaning in his life. The therapist also focuses on the power of choice and free will. This therapist most likely adheres to the ____ psychological perspective. |
| | A) | behavioral |
| | B) | psychodynamic |
| | C) | humanistic |
| | D) | biological |
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25 | |
Chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another are known as ____. |
| | A) | unconscious desires |
| | B) | EEGs |
| | C) | neurotransmitters |
| | D) | MRIs |
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26 | |
Humanistic theorists believe that people are motivated to reach their full potential, a state called ____. |
| | A) | self-actualization |
| | B) | the unconscious |
| | C) | existential anxiety |
| | D) | existential bliss |
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27 | |
Gabriella was raised in a family where individual achievement and accomplishment were stressed. Both of her parents consistently encouraged her to set personal goals for herself and to strive to achieve them. The values emphasized by Gabriella's family are most consistent with ____. |
| | A) | collectivism |
| | B) | structuralism |
| | C) | individualism |
| | D) | functionalism |
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28 | |
____ is defined as the enduring beliefs, values, behaviors, and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on from one generation to the next. |
| | A) | culture |
| | B) | society |
| | C) | norms |
| | D) | collectivism |
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29 | |
On most U.S. campuses, a student who arrived for class dressed in a swimsuit would be violating _____. |
| | A) | culture |
| | B) | the law |
| | C) | the principles of collectivism |
| | D) | cultural norms |
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30 | |
Of the following, the one which is not a level of analysis for understanding the causes of behavior is the____ level. |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | unconscious |
| | C) | psychological |
| | D) | environmental |
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