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Chapter Outline
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  1. SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES IN PSYCHOLOGY
    1. Scientific Attitudes
    2. Gathering Evidence: Steps in the Scientific Process
    3. Two Approaches to Understanding Behavior
      1. Hindsight Understanding
        1. What Do You Think? I Knew It All Along
      2. Understanding Through Prediction, Control, and Theory Building
    4. Defining and Measuring Variables
      1. Self-Reports and Reports by Others
      2. Observing Behavior
      3. Psychological Tests
      4. Physiological measures
  2. METHODS OF RESEARCH
    1. Descriptive Research: Recording Events
      1. Case Studies: The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome
      2. Naturalistic Observation: Chimpanzees, Tool Use, and Cultural Learning
      3. Survey Research: How Well Do You Sleep?
    2. Correlational Research: Measuring Associations Between Events
      1. Research Close-Up: Very Happy People
        1. What Do You Think? Does Eating Ice Cream Cause People to Drown?
      2. The Correlation Coefficient
      3. Correlation as a Basis for Prediction
    3. Experiments: Examining Cause and Effect
      1. Independent and Dependent Variables
      2. Experimental and Control Groups
      3. Random Assignment and Counterbalancing
      4. Manipulating One Independent Variable: Effects of Environmental Stimulation on Brain Development
      5. Manipulating Two Independent Variables: Effects of Alcohol and Expectations on Sexual Arousal
  3. THREATS TO THE VALIDITY OF RESEARCH
    1. Confounding of Variables
    2. Demand Characteristics
    3. Placebo Effects
    4. Experimenter Expectancy Effects
    5. Replicating and Generalizing the Findings
    6. Beneath the Surface: Science, Psychics, and the Paranormal
    7. Meta-Analysis: Combining the Results of Many Studies
  4. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
    1. Ethical Standards in Human Research
    2. Ethical Standards in Animal Research
  5. CRITICAL THINKING IN SCIENCE AND EVERYDAY LIFE
    1. Applying Psychological Science: Evaluating Claims in Research and Everyday Life
    2. A Final Thought: How to See a UFO





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