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Chapter Outline
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  1. ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
    1. How Do We Learn? The Search for Processes
    2. Why Do We Learn? The Search for Functions
    3. Learning, Evolution, and Culture
    4. Habituation
  2. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: ASSOCIATING ONE STIMULUS WITH ANOTHER
    1. Pavlov's Pioneering Research
    2. Basic Principles
      1. Acquisition
      2. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
        1. What Do You Think? Why Did Carol's Car Phobia Persist?
      3. Generalization and Discrimination
      4. Higher-Order Conditioning
    3. Applications of Classical Conditioning
      1. Acquiring and Overcoming Fear
        1. What Do You Think? Was the "Little Albert" Study Ethical?
      2. Attraction and Aversion
      3. Sickness and Health
  3. OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING THROUGH CONSEQUENCES
    1. Thorndike's Law of Effect
    2. Skinner's Analysis of Operant Conditioning
    3. Antecedent Conditions: Identifying When to Respond
    4. Consequences: Determining How to Respond
      1. Positive Reinforcement
        1. Primary and secondary reinforcers
      2. Negative Reinforcement
      3. Operant Extinction
      4. Aversive Punishment
      5. Beneath the Surface: Spare the Rod...Spoil the Child?
      6. Response Cost
      7. Immediate, Delayed, and Reciprocal Consequences
    5. Shaping and Chaining: Taking One Step at a Time
    6. Generalization and Discrimination
    7. Schedules of Reinforcement
      1. Fixed-Ratio Schedule
      2. Variable-Ratio Schedule
      3. Fixed-Interval Schedule
      4. Variable-Interval Schedule
      5. Partial Reinforcement, Learning, and Extinction
    8. Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
    9. Applications of Operant Conditioning
      1. Education and the Workplace
      2. Specialized Animal Training
      3. Modifying Problem Behaviors
      4. Applying Psychological Science: Using Operant Principles to Modify Your Behavior
  4. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: WHEN OTHERS SHOW THE WAY
    1. The Modeling Process
    2. Research Close-up: Lessons From Lassie: Can Watching TV Increase Prosocial Behavior?
  5. CROSSROADS OF LEARNING
    1. Evolution and Preparedness
      1. Constraints on Classical Conditioning: Learned Taste Aversions
      2. Are We Biologically Prepared to Fear Certain Things?
      3. Constraints on Operant Conditioning: Animals That "Won't Shape Up"
    2. The Adaptive Brain
    3. Cognition and Learning
      1. Insight and Cognitive Maps
      2. Cognition in Classical Conditioning
      3. Cognition in Operant Conditioning
        1. The Role of Awareness
        2. Latent Learning
        3. Self-Evaluations as Reinforcers and Punishers





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