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1 | |
The process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities is called ____. |
| | A) | learning |
| | B) | positive reinforcement |
| | C) | negative reinforcement |
| | D) | shaping |
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2 | |
Assume that, through a process of natural selection, a particular species of tree squirrel develops a fur coloring that allows it to blend in with its natural environment. As a result, the squirrels are more difficult to spot in the trees, are less likely to become prey for local predators, and are thus more likely to survive and reproduce than other squirrels without this coloring. This best demonstrates the process of ____. |
| | A) | classical conditioning |
| | B) | personal adaptation |
| | C) | operant conditioning |
| | D) | species adaptation |
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3 | |
You have just settled down to begin studying when your roommate decides to turn on some music. At first the music distracts you, but after a short time it no longer bothers you even though it continues to play. This example most clearly demonstrates the process of ____. |
| | A) | extinction |
| | B) | negative reinforcement |
| | C) | classical conditioning |
| | D) | habituation |
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4 | |
A stimulus that produces a response without learning is called a(n) ____ stimulus. |
| | A) | conditioned |
| | B) | reflexive |
| | C) | unconditioned |
| | D) | primary |
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5 | |
The procedure that seems to work best in producing classically conditioned responses is ____ pairing. |
| | A) | forward short-delay |
| | B) | forward trace |
| | C) | simultaneous |
| | D) | backward short-delay |
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6 | |
The best explanation for the success of the answer to question #5 is the _____ model. |
| | A) | operant conditioning |
| | B) | expectancy |
| | C) | spontaneous recovery |
| | D) | observational learning |
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7 | |
You are conducting an experiment in which you try to manipulate the immune response of rats by using the principles of classical conditioning. For the first several days of the experiment, you give rats artificially sweetened water containing an immune system enhancing drug. For the next several days, you give the rats sweetened water without the drug or plain water. You find that the immune systems of the rats are boosted when they consume the sweetened water. In your experiment, the conditioned stimulus is ____. |
| | A) | the sweetened water |
| | B) | the drug |
| | C) | enhanced immune system functioning in response to the drug |
| | D) | enhanced immune system functioning in response to the sweetened water |
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8 | |
A woman living in London during World War II learned to associate air-raid sirens with destruction created by bombs dropped from Nazi airplanes. After moving to the United States, sirens no longer predicted such destruction, so her fear responses to sirens subsided over time. In the language of classical conditioned, the fear response has become ____. |
| | A) | discriminated |
| | B) | generalized |
| | C) | extinguished |
| | D) | spontaneously recovered |
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9 | |
On a trip back to London forty-four years after the war ended, the same woman hears a recording of an old air-raid siren and becomes very upset. Classical conditioning researchers would suggest that the woman is experiencing ____. |
| | A) | discrimination |
| | B) | generalization |
| | C) | extinction |
| | D) | spontaneous recovery |
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10 | |
Stuart has a rather unusual fear. He is afraid of public speaking, but only when he has to make speeches on the weekend. He is a professor and has no trouble speaking in front of large groups of students and he has made effective presentations at conferences, as long as he presents during a weekday. The specificity of Stuart's fear mostly clearly demonstrates the process of ____. |
| | A) | escape conditioning |
| | B) | avoidance conditioning |
| | C) | stimulus generalization |
| | D) | discrimination |
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11 | |
The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus without the _____, so that the process of _____ can occur. |
| | A) | CS; habituation |
| | B) | CS; discrimination |
| | C) | UCS; generalization |
| | D) | UCS; extinction |
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12 | |
A toddler is hungry and wants a cookie but is too short to reach the table where the cookie jar is kept. She tries various things to get the jar, such as jumping or throwing her teddy bear at the jar in hopes of knocking it off the table, but to no avail. Eventually she realizes that she can pull the tablecloth on which the jar rests and thus reach the jar. In the future, she will be likely to try this technique again since it was effective. This example best demonstrates ____. |
| | A) | Thorndike's law of effect |
| | B) | the principles of classical conditioning |
| | C) | shaping |
| | D) | partial reinforcement |
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13 | |
Joey likes to watch wrestling matches on TV, but his mother usually does not allow him to do this. However, Joey has noticed that when his mother is looking forward to going boating with her friends, she doesn't mind if he watches wrestling. As a result, Joey usually will only ask to watch wrestling if his mother has gotten a boating invitation. In this instance, the boating invitation would be considered a(n) ____. |
| | A) | conditioned stimulus |
| | B) | discriminative stimulus |
| | C) | negative reinforcer |
| | D) | consequence |
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14 | |
In operant conditioning, an organism learns an association between ____. |
| | A) | punishment and negative reinforcement |
| | B) | an antecedent and a CS |
| | C) | an emitted behavior and an operant behavior |
| | D) | a behavior and a consequence |
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15 | |
Suppose that Andy Warhol was right and in the future everybody will be famous for 15 minutes. Those 15 minutes of fame might be a secondary reinforcer for someone's behavior if the ____. |
| | A) | 15 minutes are positively reinforcing |
| | B) | 15 minutes are negatively reinforcing |
| | C) | person receives food, water, and other primary reinforcers because of his or her fame |
| | D) | process of operant extinction occurs |
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16 | |
Gina has been continually nagging her daughter about how messy her room is. Finally, the daughter gets so tired of Gina's complaints that she cleans her room, thus stopping the nagging. Given the fact that the withdrawal of Gina's nagging served to strengthen the daughter's room-cleaning behavior, Gina's nagging would be considered a(n) ____. |
| | A) | negative reinforcer |
| | B) | positive reinforcer |
| | C) | aversive punishment |
| | D) | response cost punishment |
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17 | |
Terry's parents want him to learn to play the piano. In order to do this, they decide to reinforce him by paying him $1.00 for every hour that he practices. Shortly after this, Terry decides that he also wants to learn to play the guitar and, since his parents are still paying him, he continues practicing both instruments. After a couple of months, the parents decide that the important thing is that Terry is involved in music, so they quit paying him to practice the piano, whereupon Terry gradually quits playing the piano and continues playing the guitar. The weakening and disappearance of Terry's piano playing behavior would best be considered as an example of ____. |
| | A) | operant extinction |
| | B) | negative reinforcement |
| | C) | positive reinforcement |
| | D) | classical extinction |
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18 | |
You are driving down the interstate rather quickly because you are late for a meeting but you notice a police car parked on the shoulder. You quickly apply the breaks and slow down to the speed limit. In this instance, the police car represents a ____. |
| | A) | negative reinforcer |
| | B) | primary stimulus |
| | C) | discriminative stimulus |
| | D) | positive reinforcer |
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19 | |
You wear a hat and long sleeves on sunny days because you have gotten badly sunburned in the past and want to avoid letting it happen again. The learning that has taken place for you is most similar to ____. |
| | A) | escape conditioning |
| | B) | a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
| | C) | avoidance conditioning |
| | D) | a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
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20 | |
After exactly 187 battles, Klingons get a Klingon Homeworld mandated vacation from their constant battling with the Cardassians, Romulans, Borg, and Dominion. After 187 more battles, they get another vacation. Klingons would appear to be on a(n) ____ schedule of reinforcement. |
| | A) | FR |
| | B) | VR |
| | C) | FI |
| | D) | VI |
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21 | |
A continuous schedule of reinforcement is actually a(n) _____ schedule. |
| | A) | FR |
| | B) | VR |
| | C) | FI |
| | D) | VI |
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22 | |
B. F. Skinner's work gave rise to a field called ____, which combines a behavioral approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems. |
| | A) | shaping |
| | B) | applied behavior analysis |
| | C) | chaining |
| | D) | operant conditioning |
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23 | |
Through evolution, animals seem to be biologically prewired to learn behaviors that enhance their chances of survival as a species more easily than other behaviors. Seligman has termed this ____. |
| | A) | conditioned taste aversion |
| | B) | preparedness |
| | C) | instinctive drift |
| | D) | biological learning |
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24 | |
When a conditioned response "drifts back" to more instinctive behavior, ____ has occurred. |
| | A) | conditioned taste aversion |
| | B) | preparedness |
| | C) | instinctive drift |
| | D) | evolution |
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25 | |
Studies of brain effects on learning suggest that ____. |
| | A) | the hypothalamus is the only part of the brain that controls learning |
| | B) | neurotransmitters are not involved in learning |
| | C) | the cerebellum, but not the cerebral cortex, is involved in learning |
| | D) | no single part of the brain "controls" learning |
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26 | |
The _____ model asserts that the key factor in classical conditioning is not how often the CS is paired with the UCS, but how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS. |
| | A) | insight |
| | B) | expectancy |
| | C) | latent learning |
| | D) | cognitive |
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27 | |
In an experiment, rats in one group (Group 1) undergo 10 learning trials in which they receive a shock after a light is lit. Another group of rats (Group 2) undergoes the same ten trials in which the shock is paired with the light, but they also undergo ten additional random trials where the light is not followed by a shock. According to the expectancy model of classical conditioning, we would predict that the light will become a CS for fear for the rats ____. |
| | A) | only in Group 1 |
| | B) | only in Group 2 |
| | C) | in both Group1 and Group 2 |
| | D) | in neither Group 1 nor Group 2. |
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28 | |
Marty works in a restaurant and on several occasions has seen co-workers perform the Heimlich maneuver to help customers who are choking. One evening, a young woman at one of Marty's tables appears to be choking. Marty quickly and successfully performs the Heimlich maneuver on her, even though he has never done it before. It is most likely that Marty experienced ____ learning. |
| | A) | emergency |
| | B) | operant |
| | C) | classically conditioned |
| | D) | latent |
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29 | |
Bamm-Bamm Rubble learns to hit other kids over the head with his club by watching his wrestling favorites like "The Rock" on stone-age TV. Bandura would argue that Bamm-Bamm has learned his behavior through ____. |
| | A) | latent learning |
| | B) | observational learning |
| | C) | classical conditioning |
| | D) | operant conditioning |
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30 | |
Studies of the role of language in learning have shown that ____. |
| | A) | people learn better in English than in any other language |
| | B) | language abilities do not affect learning |
| | C) | language plays a critical role in teaching us how to perform various actions |
| | D) | spoken but not signed languages facilitate learning |
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