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Chapter Outline
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  1. LANGUAGE
    1. The Nature and Structure of Language
      1. Surface and Deep Structure
        1. What Do You Think? Surface and Deep Structure of Language
      2. Language From the Bottom Up
    2. Acquiring a Language
      1. Biological Foundations
      2. Social Learning Processes
      3. Bilingualism: Learning a Second Language
      4. Can Animals Acquire Human Language?
    3. Linguistic Influences on Thinking
    4. Concepts and Propositions
  2. REASONING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
    1. Reasoning
      1. Stumbling Blocks in Reasoning
        1. Distraction by irrelevant information
        2. Belief bias
    2. Problem Solving
      1. Understanding, or Framing, the Problem
      2. Generating Potential Solutions
      3. Testing the Solutions
        1. Mental sets
      4. Evaluating Results
      5. Problem-Solving Schemas
      6. Algorithms and Heuristics
      7. Uncertainty, Heuristics, and Decision Making
        1. The representativeness heuristic
        2. The availability heuristic
      8. Confirmation Bias and Overconfidence
      9. Applying Psychological Science: Guidelines for Creative Problem Solving
  3. INTELLIGENCE
    1. Intelligence in Historical Perspective
      1. Sir Francis Galton: Quantifying Mental Ability
      2. Alfred Binet's Mental Tests
      3. The Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Scales
      4. Group Tests of Aptitude and Achievement
    2. Scientific Standards for Psychological Tests
      1. Reliability
      2. Validity
      3. Standardization and Norms
    3. The Nature of Intelligence
      1. The Psychometric Approach: The Structure of Intellect
        1. The g factor: intelligence as general mental capacity
        2. Intelligence as specific mental abilities
          1. What Do You Think? Is Intelligence Changeable?
        3. Crystallized and fluid intelligence
        4. Multiple intelligences: beyond mental competencies
        5. Emotional intelligence
      2. Cognitive Process Approaches: Processes Underlying Intelligent Thinking
        1. Sternberg's triarchic theory
        2. Galton resurrected: intelligence and neural efficiency
          1. Beneath the Surface: Brain Size and Intelligence: Is Bigger Better?
    4. Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence
      1. Biological Reaction Range, Environment, and Intelligence
      2. Cultural and Group Differences in Intelligence
        1. Ethnic group differences
        2. Sex differences in cognitive abilities
      3. Beliefs, Expectations, and Cognitive Performance
        1. Research Close-Up: Stereotype Threat and Cognitive Performance
    5. Extremes of Intelligence
      1. The Cognitively Disabled
      2. The Intellectually Gifted





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