 |
1 | |
Marika and Phil are about to be interviewed for the same new job. They each very much want the job and believe it would substantially help their career. Marika feels very motivated and hard to be as well prepared for the interview as she possibly can. But Phil feels less motivated and puts less effort into his preparation. The expectancy x value theory of motivation would explain this difference in motivation as being due to ____. |
| | A) | their different expectations regarding their goal-related behaviors |
| | B) | their different growth needs |
| | C) | the different values they placed on the job |
| | D) | their different internal drives |
|
|
2 | |
Tim is just learning to play the violin and hopes to join the university orchestra next year. Although he receives little encouragement from his roommate, family, or friends, he keeps practicing because he enjoys it. Tim's continued practicing is most likely due to ___. |
| | A) | external stimuli |
| | B) | extrinsic motivation |
| | C) | cognitive theory |
| | D) | intrinsic motivation |
|
|
3 | |
Jeff lives in a high-crime, low-income neighborhood where people are constantly worried about their personal safety and often have trouble coming up with enough money to pay for food and rent. According to Maslow's ___, we would not expect Jeff to be highly motivated to excel in academics. |
| | A) | self-actualization principle |
| | B) | set point theory |
| | C) | need hierarchy |
| | D) | homeostasis hypothesis |
|
|
4 | |
People who are overweight may have difficulty losing weight by dieting for two reasons: The body responds to the food deprivation often involved in dieting by ____ the rate of basal metabolism; and, as fat mass decreases, leptin levels _____, stimulating appetite and making it harder to adhere to a diet. |
| | A) | decreasing; increase |
| | B) | decreasing; decrease |
| | C) | increasing; decrease |
| | D) | increasing; increase |
|
|
5 | |
Research on the prevalence of anorexia and bulimia has determined that these disorders are ____. |
| | A) | most common in industrialized cultures where beauty is equated with thinness |
| | B) | equally common in almost all cultures of the world |
| | C) | most common in cultures that have to deal with food scarcity and famine |
| | D) | most common in cultures where people lack personal control and freedom |
|
|
6 | |
During the ____ phase of the sexual response cycle, physiological arousal builds rapidly as blood flow increases to the organs in and around the genitals in a process called vasocongestion. |
| | A) | plateau |
| | B) | excitement |
| | C) | arousal |
| | D) | resolution |
|
|
7 | |
According to Masters and Johnson, the four stages of the human sexual response cycle typically occur in this order: ____, ____, ____, and ____. |
| | A) | plateau; excitement; orgasm; resolution |
| | B) | plateau; excitement; resolution; orgasm |
| | C) | excitement; orgasm; resolution; plateau |
| | D) | excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution |
|
|
8 | |
The fact that children in the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia have ample opportunity to observe sexual behavior, and that parents in this society sometimes masturbate their children when the children are distressed, best demonstrates how ____ factors can impact sexual behavior. |
| | A) | genetic |
| | B) | personal psychological |
| | C) | cultural |
| | D) | biological |
|
|
9 | |
The hormones that appear to have the primary influence on sexual desire are the ____. |
| | A) | estrogens |
| | B) | leptins |
| | C) | androgens |
| | D) | initiators |
|
|
10 | |
In research by Bell et al. on childhood or adolescent experiences that might predict adult sexual orientation, one consistent pattern emerged: As children, people who identify themselves as lesbian or gay ____. |
| | A) | were sexually abused by a same-sex adult |
| | B) | had domineering mothers |
| | C) | felt that they were somehow different from their same-sex peers |
| | D) | often dressed in clothing of the opposite sex |
|
|
11 | |
When we affiliate with others and compare our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors with those of the people we affiliate with, we are engaging in ____. |
| | A) | initial attraction |
| | B) | emotional support |
| | C) | positive stimulation |
| | D) | social comparison |
|
|
12 | |
The tendency for men and women to have different preferences in mate selection is attributed to evolutionary factors according to the ____ theory. |
| | A) | Cannon-Bard |
| | B) | sexual fantasies |
| | C) | social structure |
| | D) | sexual strategies |
|
|
13 | |
People who are high achievers tend to pursue ____ goals. |
| | A) | performance-avoidance goals to the exclusion of other kinds of |
| | B) | mastery and performance-approach |
| | C) | performance-avoidance and mastery |
| | D) | mastery goals to the exclusion of other kinds of |
|
|
14 | |
A motivational technique used by employers, designed to increase workers' intrinsic motivation, is called ____. |
| | A) | task significance |
| | B) | job feedback |
| | C) | a task identity strategy |
| | D) | a job enrichment program |
|
|
15 | |
At this point in your review of this chapter, you are running out of time and have to decide whether to answer the rest of the practice test questions (a very undesirable alternative) or study for your biology test (another undesirable alternative). You are experiencing a(n) ____ conflict. |
| | A) | approach-approach |
| | B) | approach-avoidance |
| | C) | avoidance-avoidance |
| | D) | hopeless |
|
|
16 | |
Puzzled by the way humans conduct themselves aboard the starship Enterprise, Mr. Spock posits that they exhibit positive or negative affect states consisting of a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions that have relevance to their goals or motives. He discovers that humans commonly call these states ____. |
| | A) | emotions |
| | B) | stimuli |
| | C) | goals |
| | D) | cognitive appraisals |
|
|
17 | |
Emotions are characterized by all of the following except ____. |
| | A) | they include behaviorist appraisal |
| | B) | they are responses to stimuli |
| | C) | they involve cognitive appraisal |
| | D) | they include behavior tendencies |
|
|
18 | |
Backpacking around Europe one summer, Harold was surprised when his hotel landlady in Italy burst into tears after Harold told her he was moving out because the shower water was too cold. Three weeks earlier he had told a landlady in Sweden the same thing, and she had reacted by saying coolly, "Well, that's up to you." The contrast between the landladies' behavior was most likely due to ____. |
| | A) | subcortical structures |
| | B) | the Schachter two-factor effect |
| | C) | the left hemisphere |
| | D) | cultural display rules |
|
|
19 | |
Research by Joseph LeDoux shows that when the ____ (the brain's sensory switchboard) receives input from the senses, it can send messages along two independent neural pathways, one traveling up to the ____ and the other going directly to the nearby ____. |
| | A) | hypothalamus; cerebellum; amygdala |
| | B) | corpus callosum; hypothalamus; cerebellum |
| | C) | brain stem; cortex; amygdala |
| | D) | thalamus; cortex; amygdala |
|
|
20 | |
Emotional responses can occur both through interpretation by the prefrontal cortex and through a more primitive system involving the ____, which is likely important for survival. |
| | A) | corpus callosum |
| | B) | amygdala |
| | C) | cerebellum |
| | D) | aplysia |
|
|
21 | |
Research involving EEGs of people while they were experiencing various emotions indicated a connection between the left hemisphere and ____ emotions, and between the right hemisphere and ____ emotions. |
| | A) | positive; negative |
| | B) | strong; weaker |
| | C) | negative; positive |
| | D) | mildly positive; more strongly positive |
|
|
22 | |
According to Jeni's professor Dr. Eve O. Lushon, emotional displays have significant adaptive value; she also believes that some fundamental emotional patterns may be innate. Dr. Lushon is most likely a(n) ____ . |
| | A) | humanistic psychologist |
| | B) | psychoneuroimmunologist |
| | C) | evolutionary theorist |
| | D) | cognitive theorist |
|
|
23 | |
According to the research of Paul Ekman and his coworkers, ____ are generally more accurate judges of emotional facial expression than ____ . |
| | A) | women; men |
| | B) | children; adults |
| | C) | men; women |
| | D) | women; girls |
|
|
24 | |
An early theory of emotion which survives today as the somatic theory, and which states that bodily reactions are what produce our perceptions of emotional states, is the ____ theory. |
| | A) | Cannon-Bard |
| | B) | subjective well-being |
| | C) | need hierarchy |
| | D) | James-Lange |
|
|
25 | |
An early theory of emotion that views physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion as two independent responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus is the ____ theory. |
| | A) | Schachter |
| | B) | social cognition |
| | C) | Cannon-Bard |
| | D) | positive psychology |
|
|
26 | |
The ____, which suggests that emotions are triggered by muscles in the face, is an offshoot of the James-Lange theory of emotion. |
| | A) | facial-feedback hypothesis |
| | B) | Cannon-Bard theory |
| | C) | cognitive appraisal |
| | D) | set-point theory |
|
|
27 | |
The theory of emotion that views physiological arousal as an indicator of how strong an emotion is, and situational cues as information allowing cognitive appraisal of the emotion and its intensity, is ____ . |
| | A) | now widely discredited |
| | B) | Schachter's two-factor theory |
| | C) | Passer's two-factor theory |
| | D) | the James-Lange theory |
|
|
28 | |
The branch of psychology concerned with examining questions related to happiness, or subjective well-being, is called ____. |
| | A) | the humanistic perspective |
| | B) | industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology |
| | C) | the self-actualization movement |
| | D) | the positive psychology movement |
|
|
29 | |
In cross-cultural studies of people in 43 countries by Ed and Carol Diener, the SWB rating on a scale of 0 to 10 for all countries was above ____, indicating mild happiness. |
| | A) | 4.0 |
| | B) | 3.34 |
| | C) | 5.0 |
| | D) | 6.33 |
|
|
30 | |
Research into what makes people happy indicates that all of the following contribute to happiness except ____. |
| | A) | helping others |
| | B) | spending time with others |
| | C) | a reasonably pessimistic outlook |
| | D) | being open to new experiences |
|