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1 | |
The most significant improvement in military technology since the fourteenth century was... |
| | A) | the use of conscriptees. |
| | B) | mounted cavalry. |
| | C) | long lines of infantrymen and foot soldiers. |
| | D) | guns that fired with greater range and accuracy. |
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2 | |
The Habsburg-Valois Wars devastated the... |
| | A) | the Low Countries. |
| | B) | Austria. |
| | C) | southern France. |
| | D) | the Italian city-states. |
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3 | |
When Erasmus went to study in England, he struck up a friendship with... |
| | A) | Shakespeare. |
| | B) | Henry VIII. |
| | C) | Thomas More. |
| | D) | Thomas Cranmer. |
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4 | |
Luther believed that people's souls were saved by... |
| | A) | penance. |
| | B) | indulgences. |
| | C) | good works. |
| | D) | faith. |
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5 | |
Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were rapidly circulated throughout Europe in part because... |
| | A) | they called for a social revolution. |
| | B) | of the printing press. |
| | C) | of widespread literacy and education programs sponsored by Catholics. |
| | D) | they provided justifications for doing penance. |
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6 | |
The idea of a priesthood of all believers meant that... |
| | A) | people needed an ordained priest to perform the sacraments. |
| | B) | praying to many saints increased one's chances of salvation. |
| | C) | people were responsible for their own salvation. |
| | D) | people needed to pray communally to attain salvation. |
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7 | |
Most Protestant reformers accepted only the sacraments of... |
| | A) | baptism and the Eucharist. |
| | B) | marriage and baptism. |
| | C) | transubstantiation and the Eucharist. |
| | D) | the last rites and marriage. |
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8 | |
The Peace of Augsburg... |
| | A) | resolved the peasants' war. |
| | B) | declared Protestantism to be the official religion. |
| | C) | reestablished Catholicism as the only religion. |
| | D) | allowed princes to determine the religion of their principalities. |
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9 | |
Zwingli, who was instrumental in turning Switzerland Protestant, had been influenced by... |
| | A) | Philip of Hesse. |
| | B) | the Peace of Augsburg. |
| | C) | Thomas More. |
| | D) | Erasmus. |
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10 | |
Calvin fled to the more tolerant city of Geneva because... |
| | A) | he was a pacifist and did not want to be recruited in the wars between cantons. |
| | B) | Francis I began to persecute Protestants. |
| | C) | of the threat of war between Swiss cantons. |
| | D) | of the persecution of Protestants when Mary took the throne. |
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11 | |
Which of the following was a contributing factor to the spread of Calvinist ideas? |
| | A) | poverty |
| | B) | warfare |
| | C) | the Peace of Augsburg |
| | D) | missionaries |
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12 | |
Henry VIII got his annulment by... |
| | A) | converting to Calvinism. |
| | B) | imprisoning Pope Clement VII. |
| | C) | cutting off the pope's authority with an act of Parliament. |
| | D) | electing Thomas Cranmer pope of the Anglican Church. |
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13 | |
Elizabeth I confronted the dilemma of religious diversity... |
| | A) | with a policy of bloody repression. |
| | B) | by creating a separate church. |
| | C) | by issuing The Book of Common Prayer. |
| | D) | with a policy of religious tolerance. |
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14 | |
The Polyglot Bible published by the new university at Alcala de Henares... |
| | A) | featured Spanish and Latin translations. |
| | B) | was called the Vulgate. |
| | C) | was Erasmus' greatest contribution to western culture. |
| | D) | compared Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the text. |
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15 | |
In what way did the Jesuits combine Catholicism and humanism? |
| | A) | their spiritual discipline |
| | B) | by serving as missionaries |
| | C) | their emphasis on education |
| | D) | their disobedience of the pope |
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16 | |
The churchmen attending the Council of Trent sought authority in... |
| | A) | the scriptures and tradition. |
| | B) | the papacy. |
| | C) | faith. |
| | D) | the sacraments. |
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17 | |
What did Philip perceive to be the two greatest threats to his rule and faith? |
| | A) | the leagues of Italian city-states |
| | B) | Jews and Muslims in Spain |
| | C) | religious diversity |
| | D) | Protestants and Muslims |
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18 | |
Philip sent his Armada to England when... |
| | A) | Elizabeth refused to marry him. |
| | B) | Mary refused to marry him. |
| | C) | Elizabeth refused to convert to Catholicism. |
| | D) | Elizabeth refused to help him put down the revolt in the Netherlands. |
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19 | |
Religious conflict and the issue of _____ provoked the Thirty Years' War. |
| | A) | the emperor's authority over German princes |
| | B) | Bohemian independence |
| | C) | the number of Protestant electors |
| | D) | the number of Catholic electors |
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20 | |
The principle of _____ shaped the negotiation of the Peace of Westphalia. |
| | A) | religious tolerance |
| | B) | religious diversity |
| | C) | balance of power |
| | D) | religious choice |
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21 | |
The Peace of Augsburg (1555) established a formal resolution to the political and religious conflicts started by Martin |
| | A) | Luther's attacks against the church. By this treaty, each German prince would define his principality as either Lutheran or Catholic. |
| | B) | the Holy Roman Empire was officially declared Catholic. |
| | C) | the Habsburg dynasty and the Holy Roman were dissolved. |
| | D) | Lutheranism replaced Catholicism as the sole protected form of religious expression in the German principalities. |
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22 | |
From 1545 to 1563, Catholic church leaders intermittently held conferences which were collectively called the Council of Trent. In the end, this historic body, reacting to the success of Protestantism... |
| | A) | declared that clerical corruption and ignorance were unacceptable |
| | B) | declared that prayers to the saints and the Virgin Mary could not help a Catholic go to Heaven |
| | C) | declared that Purgatory did not exist |
| | D) | declared that faith, alone, could enable a Catholic to go to Heaven |
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