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1 | |
In 1633, Galileo Galilei was forced by the Catholic Inquisition to deny his view that... |
| | A) | the earth revolves around the sun. |
| | B) | the sun revolves around the earth. |
| | C) | one earth-day is the equivalent of 24 hours. |
| | D) | the earth is the center of the universe. |
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2 | |
Which of the following is not one of Johannes Kepler's three laws of planetary motion? |
| | A) | The planets move in ellipses around the sun. |
| | B) | The planets' velocity varies according to their distance from the sun. |
| | C) | The planets rotate on their axes at the speed of light. |
| | D) | The physical relationship between the moving planets can be expressed mathematically. |
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3 | |
The Catholic Churches' attitude toward the Copernican system was... |
| | A) | to support it with church doctrine. |
| | B) | to denounce it and put its supporters on trial. |
| | C) | to fund the scientific work of its adherents. |
| | D) | to popularize it through sermons. |
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4 | |
Isaac Newton is most well-known for his discovery... |
| | A) | of a heliocentric universe. |
| | B) | that common substances can be turned into gold through the science of alchemy. |
| | C) | that the moon's surface is rugged. |
| | D) | of the universal law of gravitation. |
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5 | |
Rene Descartes' philosophical attempt to remove all assumptions about knowledge left him with what one reality from which he used deductive reasoning to draw conclusions? |
| | A) | "Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the product of their masses." |
| | B) | "I think, therefore I am." |
| | C) | "Evil doers who while living have done damage are of benefit after their death." |
| | D) | "The more learned, the more perverted." |
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6 | |
In order to spread their ideas, scientific scholars were dependent upon all of the following except... |
| | A) | the printing press. |
| | B) | the opportunity to travel to and explore the New World. |
| | C) | the support of wealthy patrons. |
| | D) | exposure to and discussion of new ideas. |
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7 | |
Enlightenment thinkers believed that an important element of any education was... |
| | A) | court etiquette. |
| | B) | the methods of science. |
| | C) | Latin and Greek. |
| | D) | geography. |
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8 | |
Enlightenment thinkers glorified Newton, because from his work they were able to conclude that... |
| | A) | reason and nature were compatible. |
| | B) | the universe is heliocentric. |
| | C) | fire is an element. |
| | D) | all men are governed by reason. |
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9 | |
The English philosopher John Locke concluded in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that human learning is the result of... |
| | A) | heredity. |
| | B) | human experiences. |
| | C) | divine revelation. |
| | D) | youthfulness and cerebral dexterity. |
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10 | |
Religious non-conformity was a political threat during the seventeenth century because... |
| | A) | it often led to public protests. |
| | B) | it motivated certain groups to emigrate to new lands. |
| | C) | shared religious principles served as a buttress to and inherent part of European political systems of the time. |
| | D) | it sparked the creation of new and extreme religious sects. |
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11 | |
Voltaire and other French intellectuals idealized England in the early eighteenth century because... |
| | A) | England had just defeated French forces in the North American French and Indian War. |
| | B) | they respected English social equality. |
| | C) | of its enviable navy. |
| | D) | they believed it offered greater individual freedom and admired its political system. |
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12 | |
Intellectuals believed the eighteenth century was inaugurating a new, "modern" epoch of human history in which science and reason would bring... |
| | A) | further discoveries. |
| | B) | mandatory education. |
| | C) | human progress. |
| | D) | universal suffrage. |
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13 | |
Enlightenment thinkers believed that the guide for human thought and society--because of its laws, order, simplicity, and rationality--should be... |
| | A) | nature. |
| | B) | a European monarch. |
| | C) | progress. |
| | D) | England. |
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14 | |
The work that best summarizes Enlightenment thought in its entirety is... |
| | A) | Voltaire's Candide. |
| | B) | the Encyclopedia. |
| | C) | the American Declaration of Independence. |
| | D) | Rousseau's The Social Contract. |
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15 | |
The political philosophers Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau built on the work of... |
| | A) | Isaac Newton. |
| | B) | John Locke. |
| | C) | Voltaire. |
| | D) | Denis Diderot. |
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16 | |
What type of government did the majority of philosophes believe would be most effective at enacting Enlightenment reforms, such as religious toleration, impartial laws, freedom of speech? |
| | A) | democracy |
| | B) | enlightened absolutism |
| | C) | oligarchy |
| | D) | constitutional monarchy |
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17 | |
According to Adam Smith, the rational pursuit of economic self-interest benefits... |
| | A) | only oneself. |
| | B) | no one. |
| | C) | the entire society. |
| | D) | society's richest tenth. |
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18 | |
Cesare Beccaria applied reason and natural law to criminal law and punishment and concluded that criminal law should... |
| | A) | rehabilitate the criminal, not simply punish. |
| | B) | be concerned with protecting society from criminals. |
| | C) | punish criminals outside of traditional prisons. |
| | D) | provide for passage for the worst offenders to the New World. |
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19 | |
While women often patronized and led the salon gatherings of philosophes in France, most male thinkers believed they were best suited for... |
| | A) | a government position. |
| | B) | teaching in the nation's schools. |
| | C) | domestic affairs in the home. |
| | D) | the writing and publishing of Enlightenment ideas. |
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20 | |
These helped make Enlightenment ideas accessible to all classes. |
| | A) | salons |
| | B) | bookstores |
| | C) | academies |
| | D) | Freemason lodges |
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21 | |
René Descartes' system of philosophy, called Cartesian dualism, provided scholars with a new way to understand truths about nature. What lay at the center of this new philosophy of science? |
| | A) | Empirical investigation. |
| | B) | Biblical authorities. |
| | C) | Heliocentrism. |
| | D) | Mathematical reasoning. |
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22 | |
Which of the following European institutions played the LEAST role in the spread of new scientific ideas, 1600-1800? |
| | A) | The Catholic church. |
| | B) | Royal courts. |
| | C) | Private patronage. |
| | D) | Salons. |
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