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Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. This chapter examines the basic elements that make up a culture, social practices common to all cultures, and variations that distinguish one culture from another.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
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| 1. Define a society. |
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| 2. Give examples of cultural universals. |
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| 3. Differentiate between the two forms of innovation: discovery and invention. |
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| 4. Explain how sociologists use the terms diffusion and globalization. |
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| 5. Discuss the "McDonaldization" of society. |
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| 6. Differentiate between the following elements of a culture: language, norms, sanctions, and values. |
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| 7. Explain what the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is, and why it is important when discussing language and culture. |
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| 8. Summarize the feminist perspective on gender-related language. |
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| 9. Describe the relationship between culture and the dominant ideology. |
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| 10. Differentiate between subcultures and countercultures. |
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| 11. Identify your own attitudes toward cultural variation. |