Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.
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1 | |
In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis? |
| | A) | a category |
| | B) | a group |
| | C) | an aggregate |
| | D) | a society |
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2 | |
A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as what kind of group? |
| | A) | a primary group |
| | B) | a secondary group |
| | C) | an in-group |
| | D) | an out-group |
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3 | |
Which kind of group often emerges in the workplace among those who share special understandings about their occupation? |
| | A) | a primary group |
| | B) | a secondary group |
| | C) | an in-group |
| | D) | an out-group |
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4 | |
What do sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior? |
| | A) | a coalition |
| | B) | a primary group |
| | C) | a secondary group |
| | D) | a reference group |
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5 | |
Which sociologist is credited as the first sociologist to emphasize the importance of the interaction process within groups, and to note how they change as group size changes? |
| | A) | Charles Horton Cooley |
| | B) | Max Weber |
| | C) | George Simmel |
| | D) | William Julius Wilson |
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6 | |
Which sociologist first directed researchers to the significance of bureaucratic structure? |
| | A) | Karl Marx |
| | B) | Max Weber |
| | C) | George Simmel |
| | D) | Laurence J. Peter |
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7 | |
According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, extreme alienation would occur due to which characteristic of a bureaucracy? |
| | A) | division of labor |
| | B) | hierarchy of authority |
| | C) | written rules and regulation |
| | D) | employment based on technical qualifications |
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8 | |
One positive consequence of bureaucracy is that it reduces bias. Reduction of bias results from which characteristic of a bureaucracy? |
| | A) | impersonality |
| | B) | hierarchy of authority |
| | C) | written rules and regulation |
| | D) | employment based on technical qualifications |
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9 | |
Who developed the five characteristics of a bureaucracy? |
| | A) | Karl Marx |
| | B) | Max Weber |
| | C) | George Simmel |
| | D) | Laurence J. Peter |
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10 | |
Which sociologist originated the idea of the iron law of oligarchy? |
| | A) | Jennifer Bickman Mendez |
| | B) | Suzanne Staggenborg |
| | C) | David Sills |
| | D) | Robert Michels |
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11 | |
The scientific management approach is also known as what theory of formal organizations? |
| | A) | the functional theory |
| | B) | the classical theory |
| | C) | the oligarchical theory |
| | D) | the interactionist theory |
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12 | |
What is the most consistent predictor of participation in voluntary associations? |
| | A) | gender |
| | B) | race |
| | C) | religion |
| | D) | socioeconomic status |
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13 | |
Which sociological perspective would argue that the effort of volunteers has been too often ignored by larger society because it is viewed as "women's work?" |
| | A) | functional perspective |
| | B) | conflict perspective |
| | C) | feminist perspective |
| | D) | both b and c |
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14 | |
Many union employees encounter which one of the following? |
| | A) | role conflict |
| | B) | role strain |
| | C) | role exit |
| | D) | both a and b |
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15 | |
The simplest group is a/an |
| | A) | triad. |
| | B) | secondary group. |
| | C) | dyad. |
| | D) | in-group. |
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16 | |
Sociologist George Ritzer theorizes that the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. Ritzer refers to this phenomenon as |
| | A) | Have It Your Wayitis. |
| | B) | McDonaldization. |
| | C) | Wendy's Revenge. |
| | D) | Taco Bellism. |
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17 | |
College sororities and fraternities, dance companies, tenants' associations, and chess clubs are all considered examples of |
| | A) | collectivities. |
| | B) | aggregates. |
| | C) | groups. |
| | D) | categories. |
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18 | |
The members of a street gang, the members of a family living in the same household, and the "sisters" in a college sorority all constitute which type of group? |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | secondary |
| | C) | reference |
| | D) | out-group |
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19 | |
The very existence of an in-group implies that there is a/an __________ group viewed as "they" or "them." |
| | A) | reference |
| | B) | out- |
| | C) | secondary |
| | D) | primary |
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20 | |
Sociologists Patrick Kincade and Michael Katovich (Research in Action: "Pizza Delivery Employees as a Secondary Group") have developed a typology of pizza delivery drivers. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories within their typology? |
| | A) | the capitalist |
| | B) | the comedian |
| | C) | the denier |
| | D) | the pro |
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21 | |
The United States Postal Service, the Boston Pops orchestra, and the college or university where you are currently enrolled as a student are all examples of |
| | A) | primary groups. |
| | B) | reference groups. |
| | C) | formal organizations. |
| | D) | triads. |
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22 | |
Suppose that a hospital emergency room physician failed to treat a seriously injured person because he or she had no valid proof of U.S. citizenship. This would illustrate what Robert Merton called |
| | A) | trained incapacity. |
| | B) | goal displacement. |
| | C) | anomie. |
| | D) | alienation. |
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23 | |
According to the Peter principle, |
| | A) | all bureaucracies are notoriously inefficient. |
| | B) | if something can go wrong, it will. |
| | C) | every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. |
| | D) | all line workers get burned in the end. |
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24 | |
Sociologists George Miller and Olga Gubin found that increased organizational size, specialization and formalization resulted in greater, not less, centralization of control and decision making in Russian organizations (Sociology in the Global Community: "Management Russian-Style"). Which of the following is NOT a reason for this difference with comparable Western organizations? |
| | A) | Russia's long history of totalitarian government |
| | B) | the widespread problem of alcoholism in Russia |
| | C) | executives, who were trained under the Soviet system, continued use of communist management techniques |
| | D) | Russia's turbulent economy, which makes falling back on old practices easier than learning new managerial skills. |
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25 | |
In a typical citizen's nightmare, one may have to speak with a dozen individuals in a corporation or government agency to find out which official has jurisdiction over a particular problem. This scenario best illustrates the process of |
| | A) | uncertainty avoidance. |
| | B) | bureaucratization. |
| | C) | anomie. |
| | D) | alienation. |
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